300 A Wizard’s Bestiary as big as a bear. Covered in shaggy black fur, it has long fangs, claws, horns, a tail, and fiery red eyes. Seen around the northern English counties of Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumberland, it only appears at night in specific locations, primarily fishing villages and churchyards. It is also sometimes described as a huge bear, a headless man or woman, or even a white rabbit similar to the one Alice followed. The Barghest drags a clanking chain behind it, sometimes wrapping its body in it. The sighting of a Barghest is a guaranteed portent of disaster and misfortune. Fig. 2. Barghest by Sam Wood Cu Sith (Gaelic, “Fairy Dog”; also Cir Sith or Ce Sith)—A monstrous Black Dog of the Scottish highlands, the Cu Sith is the size of a cow and covered with dark green fur. Its paws are bigger than a human’s hands, and it carries its long, braided tail coiled over its back like a saddle. The Cu Sith is as swift as the wind and hunts nocturnal wanderers on the moors, making a noise like a galloping horse and leaving huge footprints. Upon barking three times, it overtakes its prey and pulls it down. It is said to round up nursing mothers to supply fresh milk to infant fairies. Freybug—A monstrous Black Dog that terrorized English country lanes in medieval times. Galley-Trot (or Gilitrutt)—In the tradition of the Black Dogs of the British Isles, the Galley-Trot haunts the lonely roads of Dunwich and Woodbridge, and the Bathslough bog of Suffolk, harassing nocturnal travelers. This bullock-sized shaggy dog is white rather than black. Gwyllgi (also called The Dog of Darkness and The Black Hound of Destiny)—This is an enormous Welsh version of the typical British Isles Black Dog, the Gwyllgi is a giant mastiff that likes to pad along beside midnight travelers. The Gwyllgi seems to enjoy terrifying people, but otherwise does not pose much of a threat. Gytrash (also Guytrash, Brash, Trash)—A spectral Hellhound from the folklore of Lancashire and Yorkshire in Northern England, the Gytrash is a portent of imminent death and disaster. It is most often described as a huge Black Dog covered in thick shaggy fur, and sporting a pair of saucer-sized red eyes that glow like embers. It walks with a splashing sound (“trash”) on webbed feet and terrorizes nocturnal travelers on lonely country roads. Sometimes it appears as a spectral horse or donkey. Keelut—In Inuit folklore, a hairless version of the British Black Dog. It haunts lonely regions of polar Canada and Alaska, following and attacking nocturnal travelers. Mauthe Dhoog (also Mauthe Doog, Moddey Dhoo)—A spectral Black Dog that haunted the corridors and battlements of Peel Castle on the Isle of Man in the 17th century. It was described as an enormous spaniel the size of a calf, with shaggy hair and eyes like pewter plates (see title illo). It attacked anyone who saw it, killing them outright, or driving them mad. In 1871, the remains of Simon, Bishop of Sodor and Man (died 1247) were uncovered during excavations. The bones of a large dog were found at his feet. Could this have been the original beast? Oschaert— A spectral Black Dog with fiery red eyes. Sometimes appearing as a giant horse, it haunted the region around Hamme, near Duendemonde, Belgium, until it was banished by a local priest for 99 years. It would leap upon the backs of unwary travelers on lonely roads, growing heavier with each step until they could no longer move. Padfoot (or Padfooits)—A spectral beast with glowing red eyes that haunts the moors around Leeds, in Northern England. The Padfoot may manifest as a massive sheep, a giant white dog, or even a monstrous black donkey. Its presence is announced by soft, padding footfalls that may be accompanied by the rattle of chains or a fierce roaring as the beast draws closer to its intended victim. As with any of the other HellFig. 4. Gytrash Fig. 3. Black Dog seen in Suffolk, 1577
Monsters of Mystery 301 hounds, the Padfoot should not be approached or touched. Rizos—A massive Black Dog with huge claws, found in modern Greek folklore. It haunts lonely roads at night, terrifying wanderers. It may attack if it is touched, but usually it just vanishes. Rongeur d’Os(French, “Gnawer of Bones”)—A gigantic Black Dog in the folklore of Normandy, in northern France. As with all of its kind, it frightens nocturnal travelers on lonely roads. Saidthe Suaraighe (“Bitch of Evil”)—A monstrous Black Dog of Irish legend, one of the pack of spectral hounds belonging to the legendary pre-Christian chieftain, Crom Dubh. Shony—A Cornish ghost-dog whose appearance heralded a storm. Shuck Dog (or Shuck, Black Shuck, Old Shuck)— A monstrous Black Dog in the folklore of East Anglia, England. Its name probably derives from the Anglo-Saxon scucca, meaning “demon.” The Shuck Dog is roughly the size of a donkey and is covered with shaggy black hair. Shuck Dogs have fiery red eyes, but some have been reported to have only have one eye, right in the center of their head, which shoots forth greenishblue sparks. Depending on the locale, Shuck Dogs can be evil or good. Most patrol certain areas after dark, and do not cause harm to people unless they are witless enough to challenge them. Skriker (or Shriker, Skriker)—A gigantic Black Dog that haunts lonely back roads in Lancashire, England. With huge glowing red eyes, it may be heard shrieking in the wood or appear alongside a lone traveler at night, constantly moaning and howling. Sus Lika—A fearsome, spectral dog in the folklore of the Taniana Indians of sub-Arctic Alaska. It haunts mountain passes, where it may be heard barking, but is never seen. Waheela—A wolf-like creature said to inhabit Alaska and Canada’s Northwest Territories. It is larger and more heavily built than ordinary wolves, with a wide head, big feet, and long, white fur. Witnesses describe it as being about 4 feet high at the shoulder. Its hind legs are shorter than its front legs, and its tracks indicate widely-spaced toes. They are solitary creatures and never seen in packs. According to native legends, the Waheela is an evil sprit, which tears the heads off its victims. Its description matches that of the Pleistocene bear dog (Amphicyonid), presumed extinct for 10,000 years. Youdic Dogs—Monstrous Black Dogs in the folklore of Brittany, northwestern France. They dwell in the Youdic swamps, and, similar to all their kin, terrify lone, nocturnal travelers on desolate roads. Hounds of Hell Black dog, Derry dog, Shuck and Cu, Gabriel’s hounds hunting after you. Whist hounds, Arawn’s hounds, Barghest and Grim, See a black dog, prospects look slim. Black dog, Gytrash, Padfoot, Ki Du, Coinn Iotair chasing after you. Hellhound, Mauthe Dhoog, Skirker and Grim, See a black dog, luck turns dim. —Ash “LeopardDancer” DeKirk There are also many accounts of packs of Hellhounds on the loose. A particularly demonic aspect of the traditional British Black Dogs, they are believed to hunt and drive lost or damned souls into Hell, Annwfn, or the Underworld. Their master is the Lord of Death. These are often called “Gabriel Hounds” or the “Wild Hunt.” In Welsh folklore they are called the Cwn Annwfn (“Hounds of Hell”). Also known Cwn Mama (“Hounds of the Mothers”), Cwn Cyrff (“Corpse Dogs”), or Cwn Wybr (“Sky Dogs”), these are huge white hounds with red ears and eyes. Led by the grey huntsman, Arawn (or Gwyn ap Nudd), they drive the souls of the dead to Annwfn, the Underworld. The Irish equivalents are the Coinn Iotair. The Whist Hounds(whist, meaning “eerie,” from the Devon dialect) are a pack of huge, white Fig. 5. Shuck Dog by Jeff Acree Fig. 7. Cwn Annwfn Fig.6. Waheela (or Bear Dog)
302 A Wizard’s Bestiary hounds with flame-red eyes and ears. They can be found in the folklore of Dartmoor and Cornwall, England. They are led by Dewar the Huntsman, also called the Horned Man. When storms rage over the moors, folks say that the Wild Hunt is riding out, hungering for human blood or the souls of unbaptized babes. Anyone who catches sight of these terrible hounds will sicken and die within the year. The Devil’s Dandy Dogs are a pack of demonic Black Dogs of the Wild Hunt in Cornish folklore, England. They have fiery eyes and breath, and they hunt down the living as well as the damned souls of the dead. And the Coinn Iotair (Gaelic, “Hounds of Rage”) are the pack of monstrous hunting hounds belonging to legendary Irish chieftain, Crom Dubh, the “Black Crooked One.” Fig. 8. The Devil presenting a Black Dog to a Witch Ki Du is a Hellhound in the folklore of Brittany. It accompanies the souls of the dead on their journey to the Otherworld, where it will wait with them until they are reborn back into this one. In Greek myth, the gates of Erebos, the Underworld realm of Hades, Lord of the Dead, are guarded by a monstrous three-headed dragon-tailed Black Dog named Cerberus (Greek, Kerberos, “Demon of the Pit”). He lets anyone in, but does not allow any to leave. His heads represent the past, the present, and the future, and devour all things. A child of the giant Typhon and Echidna, originally Cerberus was described as having 50 to 100 heads. As his final labor, Heracles dragged Cerberus out of Hades’ realm. Wherever Cerberus’s saliva fell, the poisonous aconites sprouted (also called monkshood or wolf’s bane). Later, the poet Orpheus charmed the beast to sleep with the music of his lyre. In Roman mythology, Aeneas and Psyche were able to pacify Cerberus with three honey cakes (one for each head!). He is featured prominently in the movie Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. In Hindu mythology of India, Sharama is the mighty dog that herds the cows of Surya the sun god each morning to begin the day. Its offspring are the Sharameyas, two great, fearsome, four-eyed hounds that guard the entrance to the Afterworld, ruled by Yama, god of death. Their names are Syama the Black and Sabala the Spotted. Yama sends them out to find the dead and lead them to his bright kingdom. Therefore, the dead are given raw meat to pacify the hounds. In Norse mythology, Garm or Garmr is the blood-spattered, four-eyed Hellhound that guards the gates to Niflheim—land of the dead and dread domain of the goddess Hel. From his post in the cave of Gripa, he allows no one to leave. Perhaps he was the third puppy of Sharama! Fig. 10. Garm And finally, there is Xolotl, a huge and monstrous Underworld dog in the mythology of the Aztec Indians of Mexico, similar in many ways to the North American Coyote. His legs and feet are turned backward, and his ears point in all directions at will. Every evening, he catches the golden ball of the sun, dragging it down into the Underworld until the next morning. He was said to have created the first humans and given them fire, but he was also the cause of various disasters. Attempting to avoid death, he underwent many transformations, finally becoming the small, perpetually larval amphibian, the Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). Fig. 8. Coinn Iotair, Dana Keyes Fig. 9. Cerberus by Ian Daniels
Monsters of Mystery 303 History The presence of Black Dogs in and around Anglia, England, dates back to before the time of the Vikings. One of the earliest recorded sightings appeared in a French manuscript called the Annales Franorum Regnum (circa 865 CE). This manuscript recounts an event in which darkness descended upon a church halfway through a service. A massive Hellhound with glowing red eyes appeared, ran about as if searching for something (or someone!), and, just as abruptly, disappeared. A vicious, wolf-like beast ravaged the countryside of southeastern France from 1764–1767. Called the Beast of Gévaudan, it was said to have killed more than 100 people and many cattle, ripping out their entrails. It was described as a creature resembling a wolf, with a shaggy coat, long legs, and glaring eyes. Many believed it was a werewolf. When local hunters failed to kill it, King Louis XV sent his own soldiers, to no avail. In 1767, it was finally killed by Jean Chastel, who shot it with two silver bullets. It turned out to be a Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena) that had escaped from the private menagerie of Antoine Chastel, Jean’s son. Fig. 11. The Beast of Gévaudan Another historical curiosity is the Shunka Warak’in, a great, wolf-like beast said to inhabit the great plains of North America. The name means “carries off dogs” in the language of the Ioway Indians. Some cryptozoologists speculate that the Shunka Warak’in may be a Dire Wolf (Canis dirus), or some other surviving Pleistocene predator. A purported specimen was shot in Montana, around the turn of the 20th century. It was mounted and displayed at a general store and museum in Henry Lake, Idaho, where the owner called it “Ringdocus.” (Fig. 12) Its current location is unknown, but it certainly resembles a Brown Hyena (Parahyaena brunnea). Sightings of Black Dogs continue even today, though most are not quite as frightening as their predecessors. They are also quite popular in today’s media. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s infamous Hound of the Baskervilles was based on the white Hellhound of Dartmoor. Charlotte Bronte makes use of the Gytrash in her novel Jane Eyre. Even more recently in the literary realm, J.K. Rowling has made the Black Dog a major player in her Harry Potter series, in the guise of Sirius Black, an animagus whose animal form is a giant, shaggy-furred Black Dog. Even his name means “Black Dog.” Hellhounds show up in other areas, too. They have been brought to life in movies and they are very popular RPG enemies. Cu Sith, Hellhound, and Black Dog enemies show up in such games as Culdcept, Disgaea, and Disgaea 2, all for the PS2. They also make an appearance in the popular children’s anime and RPG series Pokemon, in the form of Houndour and Houndoom. Monster Movies: Black Dogs and Hellhounds The Omen (1976). Bad dog, bad dog! The glowing eyes of the spooky Rotweilers in this picture were a major feature of these Hounds from Hell. The villain in The Neverending Story (1984) is G’mork, a large, black, wolf-like creature that is capable of speech. Its mission is to track down and kill the young hero, Atreyu. In Willow (1988), the hideous Hellhounds of the evil Queen Bavmorda are terrifying and relentless in their pursuit of the sweet baby who is destined to become the rightful queen. The brilliant Japanese animated film Princess Mononoke (1997), by the legendary Hayao Miyazaki, features a pack of wolf gods and their mother, the huge wolf goddess, Moro. Brotherhood of the Wolf (2001) is a compelling and wellexecuted treatment of the historical case of the Beast of Gévaudan. Hound of the Baskervilles (2002) is based on the classic Sherlock Holmes story by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Cerberus makes an appearance in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone (2001), and that movie and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) feature black dogs. Needless to say, the excellence of the Harry Potter films is legendary, and the appearance of Sirius Black as a shaggy Hellhound is definitely impressive! Lady in the Water (2006) featured a “scrunt,” a terrifying, green, wolflike creature with grassy hair that can hide on a lawn. Fig. 12. “Ringdocus”
304 A Wizard’s Bestiary 28. Phantom Felines Panther is a term used not for a single species, but for any large cat—especially one in a black phase, which is called a Black Panther. These may be mountain lions, leopards, or jaguars. Thus the African lion is Panthera leo, and the leopard is Panthera pardus. The heraldic Panther is always shown “incensed,” or with flames issuing from its ears and mouth. Sometimes it is depicted as an ordinary feline, but in German heraldry it has four horns, cow’s ears, and a long, fiery red tongue British Isles From the 1960s until today, pumas have been reported in Surrey, England. Since the 1980s there have been reports of a panther-like creature near the village of Exmoor. Dubbed the Beast of Exmoor, it is theorized that this is a panther or possibly a large dog. Other witnesses claim it is a black leopard. Lynx have also been reported in the area. The Beast of Bodmin was a Phantom Cat of Bodmin Moor, in Cornwall, where sightings included occasional reports of mutilated slain livestock. Henceforth, all alleged panther-like cats of the region became popularly known as the Beast of Bodmin Moor. In 1980 there were several sightings of a puma in Cannich, Scotland. This beastie was dubbed Felicity. By Ash “LeopardDancer” DeKirk In the centre of this room, lying in the middle of a golden patch of sunlight, there was stretched a huge creature, as large as a tiger, but as black and sleek as ebony. It was simply a very enormous and very well-kept black cat, and it cuddled up and basked in that yellow pool of light exactly as a cat would do. It was so graceful, so sinewy, and so gently and smoothly diabolical, that I could not take my eyes from the opening. “Isn’t he splendid” said my host, enthusiastically. “Glorious! I never saw such a noble creature.” “Some people call it a black puma, but really it is not a puma at all. That fellow is nearly eleven feet from tail to tip. Four years ago he was a little ball of black fluff, with two yellow eyes staring out of it. He was sold me as a new-born cub up in the wild country at the head-waters of the Rio Negro. They speared his mother to death after she had killed a dozen of them.” —Sir Arthur Conan Doyle The Brazilian Cat (1922)1 LSO CALLED ALIEN BIG CATS OR ABCs, these oversize felines are found in odd or unusual places. Reports of misplaced big cats are found in the Americas, Europe, Australia, and many other places. Phantom Cats can be any type of great cat, from the smaller lynx to the larger black panthers to lions. Unlike other cryptids, Phantom Cats (especially in the British Isles, Europe, and North America) are usually not unknown animals per se. Rather, these are ordinary large cats that are found in abnormal locales. Oftentimes reports of ABCs are put down as incorrect identifications, media hysteria, or fraud. Confirmed instances of Phantom Cats are often the result of zoo escapes, private collector escapes or releases, or escapees from traveling circuses. Panthers According to the Physiologus, the Panther (also called Panthera, Pantera, Pantere, Painter, or Love Cervere) is a large cat with “a truly variegated colour, and it is most beautiful and excessively kind.” It was most famed for its aromatic belches (said to smell like allspice), emitted after it has slept for three days following feasting, and which attract its prey. These were bottled and sold as expensive perfumes, leading to a confusion with the musk-producing African Civet Cat (Civettictis civetta). The favored mount of the Greek god Dionysus, the Panther’s only natural enemy is the Dragon, which is immune to its fragrant breath. Ian Daniels Fig. 1. Heraldic Panther
Monsters of Mystery 305 In 1989 a jungle cat was struck and killed by a car in Shropshire, in 1993 a leopard was shot on the Isle of Wight, and in 2005 there were reports of a black cougar loose on a wildlife preserve. Once more, conclusive evidence remained elusive. A report in 2006, put out by the British Big Cats Society, noted that there were more than 2,000 sightings of ABCs in Britain between April 2004 and July 2005.2 One of the better-known legendary Phantom Cats of the Scottish Highlands is the Cait Sith, meaning “fairy cat.” A large black cat, as big as a dog, with a white spot on its chest and sometimes a white blaze on its face, the Cait Sith was commonly thought to be a Fairy or a transformed Witch. It is often depicted with an arched back and bristled fur, and it is this image that has become familiar to us at Hallowe’en. It is now believed that the Cait Sith is actually a rare breed of cat known as the Kellas cat, a hybrid between feral domestics and Scottish wildcats. Named after the village of Kellas in Moray, Scotland, a specimen was not obtained for study until 1984, when a gamekeeper named Ronnie Douglas shot and killed one. These cats are black and roughly the size of a Labrador or golden retriever. Cath Pulag was another Fairy Cat, this time hailing from Welsh and Arthurian myths. Other names include: Chapalu, Cath Balug, Capalus, Cath Pulac, and Cath Balwg. This spectral feline hunted both cats and people to satisfy its ravenous appetite, until it was slain by Sir Kay or King Arthur. The Cath Pulag had a spotted pelt and massive claws. It was thought to have originally been a leopard imported into Anglesey by a Welsh king. Another ferocious big cat of the Highlands is Big Ears, King of the Cats. Big Ears is much larger and more demonic in nature than the Cait Sith. It is said that the King of Cats could be summoned by carrying out the bloodthirsty ritual of Taghairm, in which live cats were spitted and roasted alive until Big Ears appeared to grant the wishes of his summoner. Big Ears may have been a reference to sightings of Kellas cats. However, there have also been recent reported sightings of another Scottish wildcat with larger-than-average ears. Although some of these beasties have been killed, no specimens have been kept for scientific study. One such reported is the Dufftown cat. It is thought that it might be a more primitive wildcat species. It is the same color and roughly the same size as the Kellas cat, except for the oversize ears. Irish folklore tells of a monstrous, malevolent cat the size of an ox. Called Írusán (“king of the cats”). It dwelt within a great cave in the mountains of Knowth, from where, with its acute hearing, it took great offense at a poet reciting a satire on cats. It then rushed down and carried him off. Fig. 4. Irusan Europe In 1982 reports of a lion at large spread like wildfire throughout Jutlan. And again, in 1992, there were reports in Denmark of a lion-like beast, dubbed the Beast of Funen. In the late 1970s and again in the early 1980s, a puma-like creature was reported in Germany. Several times since the late 1920s, leopards and pumas have been reported in the countryside in various locations around France. In 1893 a panther-like creature called the Russian Mystery Cat was said to be responsible for a series of maulings. It was reported to be about the size of a wolf, with a blunted muzzle, round ears, and a long tail. North America Reports of phantom cats in North America span the entire continent. American lions are said to have tufted tails and black manes. Descriptions suggest that these are African lions that have escaped or been released, though it is possible they are relict Panthera Atrox, a prehistoric species of lion that stzlked North America during the Ice Age. Fig. 2. Cait Sith Fig. 3. Big Ears by Dana Keyes Fig. 5. Panthera Atrox by Bob Giuliani
306 A Wizard’s Bestiary In the late 1800s a beast called the Santer was reported in North Carolina. This ABC was described as striped from nose to tail and roughly the size of a shepherd dog. By 1900 reports had died off, so it is likely that the cat moved on or died. In 2004 a Mystery Cat was spotted in Georgia; it was described as a domestic cat with bobcat facial features and a long tail (although real bobcats have short, “bobbed” tails rather than long ones). The Georgia ABC has been described as roughly 2 feet tall and 4 feet long. It has been caught on video but remains unidentified.3 Blue lynx and blue bobcats have been reported in Alaska and other parts of North America, but these cats are color mutations of known species. There have also been reports of all-black bobcats and lynx, such as the so-called Ozark Black Howler. Fig. 6. Lynx Perhaps one of the most unusual places that ABCs have been reported is Hawaii. Reports of giant Mystery Cats in Hawaii have been circulating since the 1980s. The most recent sighting was in December of 2002, at which time help was sought from big cat experts William Van Pelt and Stan Cunningham. It is suspected that the cat was brought over as a pet and then either escaped or was released into the wild. The Kuna Big Cat, as it is called, eluded all efforts at capture or tracking, avoiding even the infrared cameras used to spot it. A small fur sample was obtained in 2003, but DNA analysis was inconclusive. It is assumed from descriptions that the beast is a leopard or jaguar. The Wampus Cat is a legendary creature from Appalachian Mountain folklore. According to the tale, a Cherokee woman disguised herself in the skin of a mountain lion to spy on the men as they sat around the campfire and told sacred stories. When the woman was discovered, the medicine man punished her by transforming her into a half-woman, half-cat creature, which still haunts the forests of eastern Tennessee. Latin America Central and South America have their fair share of Mystery Cats as well. Chief among these is the Onza, a gracile puma-like cat built more like a cheetah. Recent genetic analysis has revealed that the Onza is actually a mutated variation of the North American puma. Earlier reports of Onza may have been sightings of another cat known as the Jaguarundi (Puma yaguarondi). The Black Panther in Conan Doyle’s 1922 short story, The Brazilian Cat, was first mentioned in 1648 by Amazon explorer Georg Marcgrave, who called it the Jaguerete. He described it as shiny black, variegated with even blacker spots. In Guyana, the same creature was known as El Tigre Negri, “the black tiger.” In the 1770s, Buffon called it the Cougar Noire (“black cougar”). In 1775, German naturalist Johann Christian Daniel Schreber bequeathed upon it the scientific name Felis discolor. But as no specimen was ever obtained, it was eventually dropped from zoologists’ lists. Doyle apparently got the story from Lt. Col. Percy Fawcet, who located it along the border of Brazil and Bolivia. Peru seems to have quite a few Mystery Cats. Most famous is the Yana Puma (Quechua for “black mountain lion”). According to native accounts collected by Dr. Peter J. Hocking, it is completely black, with large green eyes, and is twice the size of a jaguar. Said to live at high altitudes, it is a formidable nocturnal predator, slaughtering people in their sleep by chomping their heads. Perhaps this is the same animal as Doyle’s Brazilian Cat.4 The Speckled Tiger of Peru is described as being the same size as the jaguar, but with a larger head. It is said to be ash-grey with solid black spots. The Striped Tiger of Peru fits the same description, but has whorls and stripes instead of spots. Both are likely color mutations of normal jaguars. The Jungle Lion of Peru has also been classed as a color anomaly of the normal jaguar. The Ccoa is another catlike monster in the Quechua folklore of Peru. It is grey with dark horizontal stripes, and has a huge head with great fiery eyes that Fig. 67. Onza by Craig Gosling Fig. 8. Jaguarete by Bewick (1790)
Monsters of Mystery 307 spit hail. It causes destructive storms and crop failure, and must be placated with offerings throughout the growing season. Its name has been adopted as an acronym for the Cougar Club of America.5 Seimal’s Mystery Cat was a heavy-set cat, light brown, with spots and a dorsal stripe. It was believed to be a puma that retained its juvenile coloring. Another theory is that it was a puma/jaguar hybrid. Would that be called a Juma? The Shiashia-Yawa is a white cat with black spots known to the natives of Ecuador. Another Mystery Cat, one akin to the Shiashia, is the Pama-Yawa, a giant grey cat known for hunting tapirs. Although the Shiashia is smaller than the average jaguar and the Pama is larger, both are thought to be natural variations of that same animal.6 Saber-tooths have also been reported from the mountains of Ecuador, Columbia, and Paraguay, where a mutant jaguar with 12-inch-long saber-teeth was killed in 1975. Zoologist Juan Acavar, who examined the body, believed that the animal was, in fact, a Smilodon populator, supposedly extinct for 10,000 years. Africa Africa is home to a great many Mystery Cats, many of which are hybrids. There have been numerous reports of naturally occurring leopard/lion hybrids. The Ikimizi of Ruwanda is grey with dark spots and a bearded chin; the Abasambo of Ethiopia and the Bung Bring of Camaroon are similar. The Kitanga and Batanga of Central Africa are leopard/lion hybrids that are reddish and spotted. The Kitanga has a full mane, and the Batanga has a slight mane or none at all.7 The Marozi (Kenyan, “spotted lion”) has been reported from the montane forests of Kenya, in East Africa. First sighted by Westerners in 1903, they are darker than ordinary lions, and spotted somewhat like a leopard. In 1931, farmer Michael Trent killed two 3-yrear-old specimens, and photos of the pelts have been widely published in cryptozoological sources. Based on those photos, Bernard Heuvelmans gave the Marozi the scientific subspecies name of Panthera leo maculatus. To date, however, no living specimens have been captured in the wild, and most investigators believe the Marozi is a leopard/lion hybrid, such as the one in this photo.8 The Mngwa (“strange one”; also Nunda) of Tanzania has a long history, going back 1,000 years or more. It is large, roughly the size of a donkey, and has grey tabby markings. It has saber-teeth sometimes described as tusks. This big cat is unusual as it is said to be able to purr as smaller cats do. English contact with this animal began in the 1900s. Patrick Bowen, a hunter who once tracked the Mngwa, noted that the beast’s prints were like those of a leopard, but much larger. It also had brindled fur quite different from a leopard’s. It is believed that it may be an as-yet-undocumented African blue tiger or possibly a mutated African Golden Cat (Profelis aurata). From 1922 into the 1930s there were several reports of maulings and slayings attributed to the Mngwa. An expert in big cats, who was among those attacked, said that it was neither leopard nor lion.9 There have been several sightings over the years of cheetah/leopard hybrids— creatures with the features of cheetahs, but with giant stripes and whorls akin to the markings of the Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa). These Mystery Cats are now recognized as a natural color variation of the cheetah, and go by the name of King Cheetahs. The Hadjel, Vassoko, and Tigre de Montage (“mountain tiger”) are similar creatures described as having red fur, white stripes, a mane, a bobtail or no tail, long guard hairs on their feet, and saber-teeth. Fig. 9. Ccoa 10. Smilodon by Bob Giuliani Fig. 11. “Leopon” —the real Marozi? Fig. 12. Golden cat
308 A Wizard’s Bestiary Natives of Chad matched this beast to pictures of the extinct Machairodus, a saber-tooth of the area.10 Fig. 13. Machairodus by F. John, 1905 The Grahamstown Mystery Cat of Grahamstown, South Africa, rampaged through the area in the late 1880s. Two specimens were shot and killed. Examination showed a tawny cat with few rosettes, but with spots on the white underbelly and a leopard-like face. These beasts were subsequently classified as pseudomelanistic (i.e. very dark to black) leopards. There have been reports of lions, called Malagasy Lions, on Madagascar, but these are likely African lions brought over by settlers and visitors as pets that were either released or had escaped. China and Southeast Asia The Hairimau Jalor of Malaysia is a tiger described by the natives as having stripes running horizontally along its body rather than vertically. There have been reports of tigers matching the extinct Bali Tiger, leading some to believe that this tiger breed is not as extinct as it has been believed.11 The Cigau of Sumatra is a Mystery Cat that is light brown with a short tail, legs that are longer in front, and a ruff about its neck. It is smaller and stockier than the Sumatran Tiger and is noted to be a strong swimmer. This Mystery Cat is known to be highly aggressive.12 The Chinese wildcat known as the Mint Leaf Leopard has since been identified as the clouded leopard.13 And Japanese legend tells of a huge and monstrous Phantom Cat that lived on the island of Oki and devoured a sacrificed maiden every year, until it was slain by a heroic Samurai knight. The Celestial Tigers are four guardians and rulers of the cardinal quarters in Vietnam’s Annamite mythology. The Blue Tiger rules the East, governing spring and plants. The Red Tiger (reported from the Sunderbans area of eastern India) rules the South, controlling summer and fire. The White Tiger (now commonly seen in zoos) rules the West, autumn, and metals. And the Black Tiger is the ruler of the North, monarch of winter and water. All except the blue one represent actual recorded color variants of the Tiger (Panthera tigris). But in 1910, in China’s Fujian Province, American missionary Harry R. Caldwell encountered “a tiger coloured deep shades of blue and Maltese.”14 Australia The Yarri, or Queensland Tiger, has been reported in the Queensland area since the early 1960s. This striped cat is the size of the native Dingo (Canis lupus dingo), but with stripes, shorter legs, and lynxlike ears. It can also climb trees. When angered it lashes its tail, just as an upset cat does. Sightings of tigerlike creatures go back to the 1700s in Australia, and actual records of such a beast, in the form of Aboriginal art, go back even further.15 This Mystery Cat is about the size of a half-grown tiger, with a long tail and stripes along its body. It matches descriptions of the extinct Thylacine, but with a more feline shape to the head. The Emmaville Panther of New South Wales is reported to be a large, black, panther-like creature. In 1966 a black panther reportedly escaped from a circus in the area. Australia’s Phantom Cats are generally attributed to World War II airmen who brought cougars and other big cats over with them and released the beasts into the wild. No absolute conclusion has been reached, but the kills made by the Australian Phantom Cats have clean punctures to the throat and the insides tidily eaten with no mess, in the same way a big cat eats. In New Zealand the Phantom Cats are often said to be black panthers, but, as with so many other cases of ABCs, there is no conclusive proof. Hybrids The 41 known species of felines can all be grouped into two main families, called small cats and big (or great) cats. Small cats are all less than 55 Fig. 14. Celestial tiger Fig. 15. Queensland Tiger by Heuvelmans
Monsters of Mystery 309 pounds in weight, and have the ability to purr like a housecat. Their young are called kittens. The eight known species of large cats (lion, tiger, leopard, snow leopard, clouded leopard, jaguar, cheetah, and cougar) are all more than 100 pounds, with adult males reaching weights of more than 270 pounds. They do not purr, but rather roar, like a lion. And their young are called “cubs.” Interbreeding is possible among most species of Small Cats, and also among most species of Great Cats. This has created some very unusual hybrids in captivity, suggesting the possibility of wild hybrids as well, which could account for some reported sightings of unusual specimens. Here are some dramatic examples: Liger—The gigantic progeny of a female tiger and a male lion, this hybrid weighs 1,000 pounds and stands 12 feet tall, making it by far the largest cat on the planet. Its pelt is a tawny orange, and bears the stripes of its mother as well as the spots of its father. The male has a moderate leonine mane. Tigon (or Tion, Tiglon)—An exceedingly rare hybrid of a male tiger and a lioness. As it is almost impossible to get these fierce antagonists to mate, there are only a few of these animals in existence, all owned by private collectors. Smaller than but similar in appearance to the more common Liger, the Tigon has an orange coat with alternating stripes and spots. The males has a modest mane. Its roar sounds like a synthesis of those of both parents. Like most hybrids, they have fairly short life spans. Leopon— Hybrid progeny of a lioness and a male leopard. Bred in Japanese and Italian zoos, they have the size and strength of a lion and the climbing ability of a leopard. The males have sparse manes. Some think it is possible that such pairings in the wild could account for reports of the legendary Congolese Spotted Lion, or Marozi. Jagleop (or Jagulep)—A hybrid of a jaguar and a leopardess, bred at a Chicago zoo in the early 1900s. Subsequently mated with a male lion, this spotted female became one of the parents of the controversial Lijagleop. And here’s a fascinating historical footnote: Pard (or Pardal, Pardus, Pantheon)—This feline is described in the Physiologus as “a parti-colored species, very swift and strongly inclined to bloodshed. It leaps to the kill with a bound.” It mates “adulterously” with the lion to produce the leopard. From the zoological names of the Lion (Panthera leo) and the Leopard (Panthera pardus), it is clear that what medieval bestiaries called the Pard is known today as the leopard. The animal referred to in those bestiaries as a leopard is what we now call the Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatis), as the cheetah has spots like those of a leopard, and a scruffy mane like that of a lion. Also, cheetahs run in small family groups, as opposed to a pride of lions or the solitude of a leopard. Thus, this cat was thought to be a cross between leo (lion) and pard (leopard), hence leopard. Eventually the pard was dropped, the term leopard was adopted for the animal formerly called the Pard, and the former leopard was then renamed as the cheetah. 16 Fig. 17. Pard Monster Movies: Phantom Felines Reviewed by Seth Tyrssen Cat People (1942) is really more of a suggestive psychological thriller, as we never quite see anyone turn into a cat; the same holds true of its sequel, Curse of the Cat People (1944). The general film-noire atmosphere and good writing make up for it, though. The Cat Creature (1973) is a film that this reviewer has not seen. For ferocious felines, you can’t beat the saber-toothed tiger in Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger (1977). Quest for Fire (1981) features very realistic prehistoric cave lions, which tree the hom*o erectus heroes. Cat People (1982) is a much more thrilling version than the original: we have lovely Natassja Kinski changing into a Were-Cat, in a story that has real depth and a rather sad ending. Music by David Bowie enhances the end. Sabretooth (2002) is a plotless, made-for-TV film that’s forgettable, except for a well-done bit of animation of the title critter. This revieewer has not seen Attack of the Sabretooth (2005) Fig. 16. Hercules the Liger or Final Fantasy—Advent’s Children (2007).
310 A Wizard’s Bestiary 29. Curious Cats Winged Cats and Other Kitty Oddities By Ash “LeopardDancer” DeKirk This cat had growing from its back two appendages which reminded the observer irresistibly of the wings of a chicken before the adult feathers appear. These appendages were not flabby, but apparently gristly, about six or eight inches long, and placed in exactly the position assumed by the wings of a bird in the act of taking flight. They did not make their appearance until the kitten was several weeks old. —H.C. Brooke HROUGHOUT HISTORY, THERE HAVE been more than 100 reported cases of Winged Cats, some very recent. There are at least 20 documented cases with physical evidence, including photos. Not only have there been reports over the centuries of Winged Cats, but also of Cabbits (part cat, part rabbit), Squirrel Cats, Kangaroo Cats, and Raccoon Cats. Oftentimes the product of an overactive imagination, and at other times the result of a simple misunderstanding of genetics, Kitty Oddities are cryptids with a real basis in fact. Quite often they can be explained by rare genetic or skin conditions rather than by unusual breeding habits. Winged Cats Winged Cats are generally domesticated cats with reported wingspans of mere inches up to a few feet. Most Winged Cats are not reported to be capable of flight, though there have been at least a report or two of ones that do. One of the earliest known Winged Cats is the one described by the author Henry David Thoreau in Walden: A few years before I lived in the woods there was what was called a “winged cat” in one of the farm-houses in Lincoln nearest the pond, Mr. Gillian Baker’s. When I called to see her in June, 1842, she was gone a-hunting in the woods, as was her wont…but her mistress told me that she came into the neighbourhood a little more than a year before, in April, and was finally taken into their house; that she was of a dark brownish-grey colour, with a white spot on her throat, and white feet, and had a large bushy tail like a fox; that in the winter the fur grew thick and flattened out along her sides, forming strips ten or twelve inches long by two and a half wide, and under her chin like a muff, the upper side loose, the under matted like felt, and in the spring these appendages dropped off. They gave me a pair of her “wings,” which I keep still. There is no appearance of a membrane about them. Some thought it was part flying squirrel or some other wild animal, which is not impossible, for, according to naturalists, prolific hybrids have been produced by the union of the marten and the domestic cat. This would have been the right kind of cat for me to keep, if I had kept any; for why should not a poet’s cat be winged as well as his horse?1 A report from India in 1868 tells of a creature the locals called a pankha billi, or “winged cat,” that had been shot by a Mr. A. Gibson. In 1894 there came reports from England of a cat with duck-like wings, whose owner carried it from town to town to display for money. The cat apparently did not reveal its wings until after it had been roughly treated. This cat was apparently stolen soon after, though it is far more likely that it shed its wings, leaving the owner with an altoFig. 1. Winged cat (Strand Magazine, 1899) Matthäus Merian
Monsters of Mystery 311 gether normal cat. A mere three years later came reports of another English Winged Kitty. It was described as a male tortoiseshell with wings like a those of pheasant bird. This cat would have been all the more extraordinary as tortoises are almost always female. In 1899 London’s Strand Magazine featured a photo and report of a Winged Cat belonging to a lady of Wiveliscombe, Somerset, England. In the picture the cat has two fur-covered growths along its back between the fore and hind limbs. These projections flapped about when the cat ran, but didn’t enable the beast to fly. 2 In 1933 an Oxford woman spotted a Winged Cat in her stables. Startled, the cat jumped to the rafters, using its wings to aid it, according to the woman. People from the Oxford Zoo managed to catch the cat and displayed it for some time. Its wings measured roughly 6 inches in length. Three years later came a report from Scotland of a longhaired white Winged Cat with one blue eye and one red eye. Its wings were reported to be about 6 inches long, and rose when the cat ran but laid flat when it was resting. This cat apparently could not control its wings at all, though many of the previously mentioned cats could extend them just a bit. In 1939 there came reports of a black and white tomcat in England with a wingspan of nearly 2 feet. This cat had a great deal of control over its wings and could raise them quite a bit above its body. 3 In 1959 a Winged Cat was captured in West Virginia. This cat, a Persian, shed its “wings” a few months after capture, as they were nothing more than huge fur mats. In 1986 came yet another report of a Winged Cat from England. This cat, another longhair, shed its wings soon after, proving them to be fur mats as well. Having a lilac point Himalayan myself, I can personally attest to the fact that longhairs mat quickly, though Bakura has yet to sprout wings. England spawned another Winged Cat in 1998, this time a black one, with wings reported to be some 8 inches long. One of the most recent reports of Winged Cats comes from Russia, but villagers, fearing it to be a messenger of the devil, unfortunately killed it in 2004. Examination of the body of the giant rufus tom did confirm the presence of wings. 4 And as this chapter was being written, the following news item was reported from China: Cat Grows Wings A Chinese woman claims her cat has grown wings. Granny Feng’s tom cat has sprouted two hairy 4- in. long wings, reports the Huashang News. “At first, they were just two bumps, but they started to grow quickly, and after a month there were two wings,” she said. Feng, of Xianyang city, Shaanxi province, says the wings, which contain bones, make her pet look like a “cat angel.” Her explanation is that the cat sprouted the wings after being sexually harassed. “A month ago, many female cats in heat came to harass him, and then the wings started to grow,” she said. However, experts say the phenomenon is more likely due to a gene mutation, and say it shouldn’t prevent the cat living a normal life.5 Causes There are several possible causes of wings on cats. Matted fur is one. Longhair cats mat quickly if they are not taken proper care of, although the resulting “wings” will “molt” after they loosen enough. These large mats hang by the cat’s side when it is at rest, but will flare out when it runs, thus giving the appearance of wings. Matted fur is also common in hypothyroidic cats, be they long- or shorthaired. The presence of extra limbs also accounts for some reports of Winged Cats. If the cat has vestigial appendages along its back, between the fore and hind limbs, these may resemble wings. This condition is rare, and most of these cats do not live to adulthood. A final cause of wings is the so-called rubber skin disease, called feline cutaneous asthenia in cats (this condition also occurs among people and many other types of animals). This is a hereditary disorder that causes the skin to be extremely elastic. Loose flaps of skin will develop along the back and/or sides. These flaps, which are covered in fur, may sometimes have muscle fibers within, which allows for some degree of movement but certainly not enough to allow the cat to truly fly. At the most, these flaps mimic the fur mats and extend out when the cat runs, thus giving the appearance of wings. Cats with this disorder may also shed the flaps, as the skin is extremely fragile and prone to tearing. Tears happen often and heal quickly, leaving the cat’s skin crisscrossed with a fine Fig. 2. Sally, a winged cat belonging to Mrs. M. Roebuck of Attercliffe, Sheffield, England, 1939
312 A Wizard’s Bestiary web of scarring.6 Cats with such disorders are more likely to be taken to the vet for proper treatment than to be turned into a freak-show attraction. Cats with encroaching mats of hair tend to be groomed and trimmed before things get out of hand. Better medical care and grooming among cat owners seems to be turning the Winged Cat into a thing of the past. Cryptozoologist Dr. Karl Shuker was the first person to make a well-defined connection between the Winged Cat phenomenon and the condition of feline cutaneous asthenia. Cabbits, Kangaroo Cats, and Squirrel Cats In 1950 there were several reports regarding a Cabbit, but these were later proven to be a hoax.7 Older reports call such creatures Racats. These creatures, said to be a cross between a rabbit and a cat, had short, fluffy tails and moved with a hopping gait like that of a rabbit. Similar to the Cabbit is the Squirrel Cat, a supposed cross between a squirrel and a cat. These kitty oddities have long, fluffy squirrel tails and shortened front limbs. Similar to the above is the Kangaroo Cat, which has very short forelegs and moves with a hopping gait. The earliest reports of a Kangaroo Cat came from England in the 1930s, and again in the 1940s. In 1956 a report of a Kangaroo Cat came out of Russia. This phenomenon subsequently disappeared from Europe, only to crop up again in North America during the 1970s and 80s. By the 1990s there were reports of Kangaroo Cats in South America. These kitty oddities supposedly come from the most unlikely of pairings. A Cabbit is said to be the result of a rabbit and a cat mating, and the Squirrel Cat speaks for itself. Both of these pairs are not likely to happen in reality, and even if they did, no viable offspring would result. Cats, rabbits, and squirrels are as genetically incompatible as a horse is with a seal. I include Kangaroo Cats here due to their link with the Squirrel Cats, but these oddities are named for their behavior, not because it was once assumed that they were actual hybrids of cats and kangaroos.8 Causes Misunderstanding plays a large part in reports of such cats. The manx cat, a normal breed, has a stubby tail, which may lead some observers to think it has a rabbit’s tail if they are unfamiliar with the breed, likewise the Squirrel Cat and longhair breeds. Many longhaired breeds have naturally fluffy, bushy tails that might be considered squirrel-like. Cats with a vestigial sixth toe on their front feet may learn to use them as primitive thumbs, thus allowing then to hold objects as a squirrel might. In a condition called radial hyplasia, which is a form of polydactyly, the cat’s forelimbs are shorter than normal, forcing the cat to rear back on its haunches to sit comfortably. This gives the cat a squirrel-like (or kangaroo-like, or rabbit-like, depending on your preference) appearance when sitting up, and accounts for a hopping gait when walking or running. Those with a more serious form of this condition may actually adapt by learning to hop along on just their hind legs. Finally, these conditions may also be caused by achondroplasia dwarfism in cats. Here the limbs are shortened and twisted, but the body is of normal proportions. The front legs are usually affected more than the hindlegs, leading once more to the hopping gait of the cabbits. Raccoon Cats Of all the cat oddities, I find the Raccoon Cat to be the most amusing. This one is a case of pure misunderstanding. Maine coon cats evolved from longhair cats brought to the United States by early settlers. When these cats bred with local wildcats, which were described as grey or brownish-grey with banded tails, the result was the gorgeous cat known today as the Maine coon. The Maine coon has long, silky fur, a plumy tail, and tends to be big and stocky, often being much larger than the average domestic cat. It has a ruff of fur around its neck and chest, and its coat has two layers, an undercoat and a coat of guard hairs. Finally, the toe pads have tufts of fur around them for insulation—all in all, a perfect cold weather cat! While the Maine coon may come in many different colors, the most common pattern is that of the tabby. I have a Maine coon myself (pictured below), so I can attest to how wonderful these cats can be. Amusingly, when the coon breed first became noticed, people thought they were the offspring of raccoons and feral domestics. The first Maine coons were likely of the grey or grey/brown variety; with this pattern, in addition to their size, they did likely resemble raccoons. Fig. 3. So-called “Cabbit” Fig. 4. RufusShinra, Maine coon
Monsters of Mystery 313 By Ash “LeopardDancer” DeKirk and Oberon Zell There are more things in Heaven and Earth, Horatio, Than are dreamed of in your philosophies. —Shakespeare, Hamlet 1:5 ONSTERS CAN BE SORTED INTO MANY different categories. There are socalled “freaks of nature,” resulting from birth defects, mutations, or other deformities and abnormalities. There are the legendary creatures of the mythic menagerie and the classic bestiaries. These are often made-up hybrids, such as the Centaur, Sphinx, or Gryphon; or, they may be exaggerated versions of little-known animals, such as the Kraken. There are the cryptids investigated by cryptozoologists—living animals reported by many and often photographed, but not yet captured and conclusively identified. Such creatures include Bigfoot, the Loch Ness Monster, the Yeti, and the Mokele-Mbembe of Africa. And then there are those anomalies that utterly defy categorization. These are bizarre and generally unique creatures that are reported from time to time. They are usually local phenomena, witnessed late at night in strange encounters on lonely roads, and are often associated with UFO sightings. They appear and vanish mysteriously, sometimes in a flash of light. Sometimes they even appear as incomplete holographic projections. There is really no way to integrate these creatures into any coherent theory of biological evolution and natural history. They seem utterly alien from anything known to this world—or even this dimension. Perhaps they really do come from Somewhere Else. We can only call them Mystery Monsters. Here are a few… Demon in the Dark: The Jersey Devil By LeopardDancer For nearly 300 years the enigmatic creature known as the Jersey Devil or the Leeds Devil has haunted the Pine Barrens of New Jersey. This cryptozoological or preternatural being has been spotted by several thousand witnesses. Indeed, the terror wrought by the Devil has caused factories and shops to close down and has driven people from the surrounding area. So where did this mysterious being come from? There are many variations on the origins of the Jersey Devil. The most popular story is that the creature is the 13th child of a Mrs. Leeds of Estelville, New Jersey. It is said that when she found out that she was pregnant with her 13th child she declared that she hoped the child was a devil. Her wish came true, more than she could have ever imagined. The child born to her was not human in any way: it had a horselike head, bat wings, a tail, and horns. Mrs. Leeds drove the monstrous being away and it went to dwell in the Pinelands.1 A somewhat different version tells of a Witch named Mother Leeds, of Burlington, New Jersey, who lay with the Devil and conceived a son who, upon his birth, resembled a normal human baby. However, shortly thereafter the baby changed form. It grew hoofed feet, a horse’s head, a bat’s wings, and a forked tail. These events were said to take place in the year 1735. The demonic being fled to the woodlands. Five years later, in 1740, Christian clergy performed an exorcism/banishing that was to last for more than 100 years, and the Jersey Devil was not seen again until the late 1800s. Another story tells how a Mrs. Shrouds, of Leeds Point, New Jersey, made the wish that if she were to ever have another child it would be a devil. She got her wish: the cursed child was born misshapen. Mrs. Shrouds hid the child in the basem*nt of the house to keep it out of view of the curious. One night, during a terrible thunderstorm, the child suddenly changed form, turning into a winged, horse-headed monstrosity that promptly escaped.2 30. Mystery Monsters Fig. 1. Birthplace of the Jersey Devil: Leeds Point, NJ Ian Daniels
314 A Wizard’s Bestiary Whatever its origins, the Devil of the Pinelands has been sighted many times over the past centuries, even up until recent times. Among the earliest sightings, and perhaps one of the most unique, was that reported by Joseph Bonaparte, brother to Emperor Napoleon, in the mid-1800s while he was hunting around Bordentown, New Jersey. Between the years 1840 and 1841, a mysterious creature attacked poultry and sheep in the area, killing many. Its calling cards were odd footprints and piercing, eerie cries in the night. For the longest time there was little-to-no activity by the Leeds Devil. Then, in January of 1909, he made a fierce comeback, terrorizing people throughout the state. On Sunday the 16th, a creature with bat wings and glowing red eyes was spotted flying down the streets of Woodbury, New Jersey. The same creature was later spotted in Bristol, Pennsylvania, where it was fired upon but not struck. Strange hoof prints were found in the snow. The next day, on January 17, 1909, those same strange hoof prints were everywhere in Burlington, and all over the cities of Columbus and Hedding, among others. Dogs were brought out to track the source of the hoof prints but they refused, going into a frenzy if people tried to force them. In the early morning hours of January 19, Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Evans of Gloucester were awakened by strange noises outside their window. Upon peeking out, they spotted a bizarre creature standing some 3 feet tall. They described the being as having a “head like a collie dog, with the face of a horse.” The creature walked, bipedal, on hoofed legs, and its arms ended in paws. The head was supported by a long neck, and bat wings sprung from its back. They watched the creature for about 10 minutes before working up the nerve to try to scare it away. The creature barked at them and flew off.3 On the 20th of January the Leeds Devil was seen in Pemberton, Haddonfield, Collingswood, Mooretown, and Riverside. Sightings continued into February, forcing several schools, factories, and shops to close, as people were afraid to go out even in the daylight. After February, Jersey Devil sightings became rarer and more sporadic. Had the Devil truly gone away or were people now just more cautious about revealing their sightings? One of the next major sightings took place in 1927. A cab driver who stopped to fix a flat tire was attacked by a winged creature that landed on his car hood. Needless to say he ran, leaving the car behind. Over the next few decades the Devil’s unique piercing cry would be heard in the woodlands at night. In 1961 a couple who had stopped near the Pinelands was attacked by a large flying creature. Sightings continue to the present.4 So what isthe Jersey Devil? One reasonable theory is that it is a Sandhill Crane (Grus Canadensis), rare for those parts of the state. The sandhill crane stands about 4 feet tall and, although not naturally aggressive, will attack people if it feels threatened. The crane’s call is a piercing, whooping scream. Although sightings of this elusive creature might explain some of those attributed to the Devil, they do not explain them all. What about the horns? The bat wings? The horse head and hoofed feet? What about the livestock deaths? In 1906, Norman Jefferies, publicity manager for the Arch Street Museum in Philadelphia, read about the legendary Devil and staged an elaborate hoax, including a bogus sighting story planted in a local paper, followed by a “capture” and exhibit at the museum. Jeffries’ “Devil” was actually a kangaroo painted with green stripes and affixed with bronze wings.5 Some other sightings were also probably hoaxes, but it has never been proven that all of the sightings of the Devil (spanning several centuries, remember) were hoaxes. Some say it is pure evil made manifest; others call it a woodland guardian of the Pine Barrens; and still others think it may be a species that we have not yet discovered. We may never know what the Devil truly is, but he will continue to be a lasting part of the national folklore of the United States. El Chupacabra By LeopardDancer El Chupacabra is a Mystery Monster first reported in Puerto Rico in 1990. From there, reported sightings spread to Meso- and South America as far as Chile, and the United States as far as the Carolinas and Maine. Its Spanish name literally means “goat sucker,” derived from its notorious habit of attacking and drinking the blood of goats and other livestock. A Puerto Rican comedian, Silverio Perez, is credited with coining the term. This beastie is regarded variously as a real creaFig. 2. Jersey Devil as described by Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Evans(Philadelphia Evening Bulletin) Fig. 3. Sandhill crane (photoClifford Otto)
Monsters of Mystery 315 ture, a mythic beast, or an urban legend. Though the Chupacabra did not come to mainstream attention until about 1990, there were sighting and reports of Chupacabra-like creatures, called cipi Chupacabra, as early as 1987. These creatures are predated by another Chupacabra-like being, El Vampiro de Moca, which killed livestock and fowl near the town of Moca, Puerto Rico, in the 1970s. The slayings spread all over the island, the commonality among all being a pair of puncture marks in the victim’s neck. Itcuintlipotzotli is a bizarre Mexican creature the size of a terrier, with hairless skin, a wolfish head, no neck, a short tail, and a huge hump running the length of its back. It was illustrated in a 1780 book by a Jesuit priest, and one was reported killed in 1843 near Mexico City. Could this be the same creature as the Chupacabra? Descriptions There are several descriptions given of this elusive beastie. The most common Chupacabra variation is of a mostly hairless, dog-like creature that has a spiny ridge along its back, and pronounced eye sockets, fangs, and claws. This version runs along on four feet, as a dog does. In 2001, in Nicaragua, the corpse of one such Chupacabra was said to have been found. When the remains were analyzed by UNAN–Leon, the university pathologists concluded that they were of an unknown species. Though rarer than the dog-like Chupacabra, another common variation of Chupacabra is bipedal and lizard-like, described as having leathery or scaly, green-gray skin, a doglike muzzle, glowing red eyes, and sharp quills running along its spine. Standing at roughly 3 feet in height, these Chupacabra hop as kangaroos do, rather than walk. When alarmed they will hiss and screech, releasing a sulfuric odor. Other lizard-like variations have no muzzle or only stubby muzzles. Yet another variation of the beastie resembles a cross between the aliens known as “Greys” and a TRex-like saurian. It has the large head and huge, luminous eyes of the alien atop a saurian body, with short, stubby arms and three fingers. Its strong, muscular, reptilian legs also sport three clawed toes. Its jaw is slightly elongated, and there are only two small holes for the nostrils (again, similar to a reptile) situated above the slit of a mouth full of sharp, needle-like teeth, with fangs protruding both upward and downward. As with the other Chupa variations, it also has spines running down its back. It is generally agreed that all Chupacabra have glowing red eyes, spines running along their backs, a noticeable bulge in their bellies after feeding, and overly large, protruding fangs, which leave behind two puncture wounds upon their victims. In addition, it is said that they all have the power to hypnotize their prey, making it easier to feed. It seems that the Chupacabra may also be growing: The earliest reports describe creatures approximately the size of a dog, whereas more recent sightings have them at the size of a grown man, and graduated from attacking goats to attacking horses and cattle. Sightings Following a rash of UFO sightings in 1975, a creature began attacking livestock near the town of Moca, Puerto Rico. Originally called El Vampiro de Moca, this being fits the description of the ones that would be called Chupacabra later. Investigators who examined the remains of the livestock, including goats, geese, chickens, ducks and cows, found them to have been completely drained of blood. Some believed that the slayings were the work of illegally imported crocodiles. In March of 1995, the towns of Orocovis and Morovis in Puerto Rico began experiencing similar livestock slayings. Throughout the fall of 1995, these slayings spread around the island. In the town of San German several goats were killed, and the townsfolk chased off an unusual creature attempting to kill some roosters. The town of Canovanas was an epicenter for Chupa activity, with no less than 150 livestock slayings. Several residents claimed to have seen the beastie in broad daylight. A middle-aged man, Osvaldo Rosasdo, was attacked by a Chupacabra and needed medical attention for scratches and cuts around his torso. This is one of the few known instances of a human being attacked by Chupacabra. In 1996, Mexico had a rash of Chupacabra activity, which was followed by another rash of sightings and activity in Brazil during 1999. In the spring of 2000, residents of the town of Calamain, Chile, awoke one morning to find all of their livestock dead of puncture wounds to the neck and all the blood drained from their bodies. It was theorized that these killings may have been the work of a rogue puma, but a thorough search of the area found neither the Chupacabra nor the theorized puma. Fig. 4. El Chupacabra Fig. 5. Chupa by Ash DeKirk
316 A Wizard’s Bestiary Since its first sightings, it is estimated that Chupacabra have been responsible for more than 2,000 livestock killings in Puerto Rico alone. Chupacabra sightings have spread to mainland South and North America.6 Recent Sightings and Remains July 2004—a rancher in Texas killed one of the doglike Chupacabra that had been attacking his livestock. This creature was small and hairless, with a blue-grey skin tone. Examination was unable to establish the creature’s identity, although it was determined to be very malnourished. Several more creatures were spotted, and in October of 2004, another of the creatures was shot and killed. Analysis of the creatures has lead to mixed results, with some researchers saying they are unknown species of canines, and others saying they are severely deformed coyotes. This beastie also goes by the name of The Elmendorf Beast. Summer 2004—sightings and photographs abounded of an odd creature in Mount Pleasant, in Randolph County, North Carolina. These creatures fit descriptions of the doglike Chupacabra, except for the spines. A carcass of a similar creature was found on the side of the road in Charleston, South Carolina. Analysis of it concluded that it was a fox with genetic mutations. It is commonly assumed that the North Carolina creature was a fox as well. September 2005—an alleged Chupa was shot and killed in Coleman, Texas, after killing 30–40 chickens in the neighborhood. About the size of a small terrier, it had a white, wooly coat similar to a sheep’s but with a low pile. It was 28–32 inches long, and its tail was as long as its body. According to a local eyewitness, 90-year-old Reggie Lagow, “The critter was unlike any kind of animal in the area.” Unfortunately, it was not preserved for study. “It was killed on a Tuesday and trash day took it away two days later.”7 But it was photographed, showing its kangaroo-like legs. August 2006—a Maine woman found another possible Chupacabra dead on the side of the road. Pictures were taken of a creature, which was obviously canine but unlike any known breed of dog. Vultures had picked the carcass clean before people thought to bag it for research. For years the residents of the area had been plagued by reports of an odd creature and animal maulings. August 2006—a fox-like creature was shot and killed near Berkshire, New York, by two teenagers, Geordie Decker and Josh Underwood. The beast was almost bald, with grayish skin and a stripe of orange fur running down its back. It had yellow eyes and hopped like a kangaroo. The bones of this possible Chupa are displayed on the Lost World Museum’s Website (www.lostworldmuseum.com). December 2006—a farmer in Peru saw a beast fitting the description of the Chupacabra devour a wild boar on his farm. After finishing its meal the creature fled faster than any animal the farmer knew of. This beast is also known by the name Zahir. July 2007—Over four days, Phyllis Canion discovered the bodies of three hideous 40- pound animals outside her ranch in Cuero, Texas. Canion saved the head of one so she can submit it for DNA testing and then mount it for posterity. “It is one ugly creature,” Canion said of the beast, which has big ears, large fanged teeth and grayish-blue, mostly hairless skin.8 Theories There are several theories regarding the origins of the Chupacabra. One of the most prevalent is that the Chupacabra is an alien life form. Indeed, it is often described as otherworldly. There is some small resemblance between a few descriptions of the Chupacabra and those of the aliens known as Greys. Another theory is that the Chupacabra is the result of genetic experimentation carried out by the U.S. military at a research facility located in El Yunque, a mountain in the eastern portion of Puerto Rico. Supposedly, the laboratory was damaged in a fierce storm in the 1990s, at which time the Chupacabra escaped. The U.S. military had maintained a presence on the island since the 1930s and carried out other research and development projects. The most likely of all theories is that the creature Fig. 6. Mount Pleasant, North Carolina Chupa (photo by “Ann”) Fig. 7. The Coleman, Texas Chupa Fig. 8. Phylis Canion with the ugly head of a Cupa she found
Monsters of Mystery 317 Fig. 11. Freiburg Shrieker, by Ian Daniels known as Chupacabra is an unknown creature evolved or mutated from known species, most likely native canids. Other less likely theories suggest that it may be evolved from giant vampire bats, fossils of which have been found in South America; or that it might be related to Madagascar’s weird little “Aye-aye” (Daubentonia madagascariensis). And then there are the supposed Chupacabra carcasses which may be seen in circus and carnival freak shows. The first of these Chupa gaffs, as they are called in sideshow jargon, were created by Doug Higley, a renowned genius of taxidermy art. Considering that the Chupa was first reported in Puerto Rico in 1990, we have to wonder what part these gaffs may have played in the legend: The Chupacabra first appeared in the sideshow in the 1980’s, after it had become legendary in Central and South America. The connection to the sideshow was made through the work of Doug Higley who introduced the Chupacabra exhibits into the sideshow scene. The first Chupacabra that Doug created was sold to a showman in Florida many years ago who took it to Puerto Rico. —Sideshow World Magazine9 Mothman and Owlman By Oberon Zell The mysterious aerial creature known as Mothman was first seen in the autumn of 1966 by two couples driving past an old generator plant in Point Pleasant, West Virginia, at 11:30 p.m. The door of the plant had been ripped from its hinges, and standing in the doorway was a 7- foot-tall monster with huge, glowing red eyes and great folded wings. As the driver hit the accelerator, the creature shot straight up into the air and began pursuing them at speeds up to 100 m.p.h. At the city limits, it veered off and disappeared. Over the next few days there were a number of similar sightings and reports of a giant flying creature that attacked people, stole dogs, and mutilated animals. Its presence also seemed to interfere with radio and TV reception. On November 16, a press conference was held, during which the creature was dubbed Mothman, after the popular Batman TV series. Within a year of the first sighting, more than 100 reports were recorded.10 On October 16, 1967, the Silver Bridge over the Ohio River collapsed in rush hour traffic, dropping 46 cars into the river. It was the biggest disaster to ever hit Point Pleasant, and some people wondered if there was a connection with Mothman. Since then, there have been no further sightings, and only scattered rumors of Mothman. However, on September 10, 1978, a terrifying, black, Mothman-like creature with huge wings blocked the entrance to a coal mine in Freiburg, Germany. As miners approached to go to work, it let out a series of unbearable piercing shrieks, driving them back. An hour later, an enormous explosion destroyed the mine. When the smoke cleared, the strange apparition was gone, having saved the lives of the men. They called it the Freiburg Shrieker. 11 And in the days preceding the infamous April 26, 1986 meltdown of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Ukraine, employees reported seeing a large, dark, headless man with gigantic wings and fiery-red eyes. After the explosion, as Soviet helicopters circled the smoldering reactor and dropped clay, sand, lead, and extinguishing chemicals on the flames, some of the workers described a 20-foot-tall black bird gliding through the radioactive smoke. But perhaps this bird of ill omen has had even earlier appearances. In 1944, in Hollywood, Maryland, a priest saw “the outspread form of a huge man with wings, sailing down the pitchblack sky towards the Fig. 9. Aye-aye Fig. 10. Mothman by eyewitness Roger Scarberry Fig. 12. Mothman by Joe Butt
318 A Wizard’s Bestiary Fig. 13. Cornish Owlman, by Sally Chapman Fig. 14. Batsquatch by Joe Butt Fig. 16. Gatorman church.” Upon landing on the ground, it promptly vanished. The priest said it was “intensely gruesome.”12 And at the beginning of 1926, a large, dark, manlike creature with wings was seen hovering over one of the world’s largest dams, the Xiaon Te Dam in the southeastern foothills of China. On January 19, 1926, the dam collapsed, spilling more than 40 billion gallons of water onto farms and villages below and killing more than 15,000 people. Survivors came to believe that the Man-Dragon’s appearance had been intended as a warning.13 Since 1976 a giant owl-like creature has been sighted in the coastal town of Mawnan in Cornwall, England. Called Owlman, it is described as manlike with silver-grey feathered wings, pointed ears, huge glowing eyes, and a black beak. Its long bird legs terminate in large, black talons.14 Similar creatures have been reported in the United States from the Alleghenies, the Ozarks, and the Pacific Northwest, by Indians and early settlers, who called them Great Owls or Big-Hoot. Mark A. Hall, in Thunderbirds! America’s Living Legends of Giant Birds (2004), postulates that the Mothman may be such a creature.15 And finally, we must mention the bizarre batwinged nocturnal primate reported from the state of Washington, where it is said to dwell in the dense forests surrounding Mount St. Helens. It has purple skin, red eyes, and a simian head with bat-like features. Some cryptozoologists speculate that it may be an unknown species of giant fruit bat, but none of these are known to inhabit the Americas. Lizardmen By Oberon Zell Strange, hybrid, reptilian-humanoid creatures looking much like filmdom’s Creature from the Black Lagoon have been reported from around the world. Perhaps the most famous is the Lizard Man of Scape Ore Swamp, near Bishopville, in Lee County, South Carolina. It was first reported on June 29, 1988, by 17-year-old Christopher Davis. He was driving home around 2:00 a.m. on a road that borders Scape Ore Swamp when he got a flat tire. While changing the tire, he heard a loud thump from across the road and saw a 7-foot-tall creature with glowing red eyes running toward him. He locked himself in the car, which the monster attacked. As Davis said later to the Associated Press, “I could see him from the neck down— the three big fingers, long black nails and green rough skin. It was strong and angry.”16 Unable to open the door, the creature jumped onto the car roof and clawed at the windshield, making large scratches as Davis drove away. A spate of similar reports began flooding in from all over Lee County, and the police had to establish a separate “Lizard Man” hotline to handle them. The creatures were even given a scientific name: hom*o subterreptus. But by August, the sightings had tapered off, and few have occurred since. As far back as the mid-1700s, bizarre human-reptile hybrid creatures have been reported lurking in the Florida Everglades and other large swamps in the American Southeast. Called Gatorman, they are said to be about 5 feet long, with the proportions of a child, four stubby, gator-like legs with webbed feet, and a long, muscular tail. They are covered with greenish scales, and have mouths full of razor-sharp teeth. Unfortunately, alleged photos published in tabloid papers are obviously faked gaffs. In the summer of 1973, a similar gator-humanoid hybrid was sighted by numerous witnesses in New Jersey’s Newton-Lafayette area. And in 1977, New York State Conservation naturalist Alfred Hulstruck reported that the state’s southern region was inhabited by “a scaled, man-like creature which appears at dusk from the red, algae-ridden waters to forage among the fern and moss-covered uplands.”17 A carnivorous, amphibious humanoid is said to have tormented the Kwakiutl Indians of Canada’s Puget Sound region for centuries. Called Pugwis, its description greatly resembles that of The Creature From the Black Lagoon. Fig. 15. Lizardman of Kentucky
Monsters of Mystery 319 A similar man-size, gilled, amphibious humanoid is said to inhabit Thetis Lake on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. It emerged from the lake on August 19, 1972, and attacked two boys. Nearly 5 feet tall and weighing about 120 pounds, it was covered in silvergrey scales and had webbed hands and feet with sharp protrusions, with which it slashed one of the boys. A few days later two other young men encountered the same creature, which they described as having a monstrous face with dark, bulbous eyes, a fish-like mouth, huge ears, and six sharp projections on its head connected by a thin membrane.18 While swimming in the Ohio River near Evansville, Indiana, on August 21, 1955, Mrs. Darwin Johnson was suddenly clutched around the knee by a large claw. Kicking free of the unseen attacker, which kept trying to drag her under, she eventually made it to shore. She was treated for multiple contusions on her leg, which bore a green, hand-shaped stain that remained for several days.19 In March of 1959, a strange creature was seen emerging from the Charles Mill Lake in Mansfield, Ohio. Witnesses described it as an armless humanoid, standing more than seven feet tall, with luminous green eyes. A second report came in 1963, and others have trickled in over the years. Some have even claimed to have found footprints of gigantic webbed feet on the shore.20 In Zulu folklore from the South African province of KwaZulu Natal, the Intulo is a lizard-like creature with human characteristics. The Love- land Frogs By Oberon Zell The story of the Loveland Frogs began in May of 1955, when a man driving through Loveland, Ohio, at 3:30 a.m., saw three frog-like reptilian creatures standing upright by the side of the road. The man pulled over and watched them for a few minutes. One of them held up a wand with sparks shooting out of its tip. The man reported the incident to the local police, but nothing more was seen of the creatures until March of 1972, when a Loveland policeman driving down Riverside Road at 1:00 a.m. spotted a crouching animal on the side of the road. When the headlights fell upon it, the creature rose up on its hind legs, revealing itself to be 3-4 feet tall, with a reptilian or frog-like head and leathery green skin. With a glance at the officer, it leaped over the guardrail into the Little Miami River. Two weeks later, another police officer reported a similar incident in which one of the creatures appeared to have been injured as it limped from the road into the river. The Loveland Frogs have not been seen again, and no one knows what they really were.21 The Dover Demon By Oberon Zell The Dover Demon was first reported on April 22, 1977, in Dover, a suburb of Boston, Massachusetts. Three 17-year-old boys were driving home around 10:30 at night when the driver, Bill Bartlette, saw in his headlights a bizarre creature crawling along a rock wall off the roadside. He said that it had a head like a watermelon and no features other than two large, orange eyes. Its body was thin, with long limbs and fingers that grasped the rocks. It was about 4 feet tall with peachy, smooth skin. Bartlette’s friends were talking and saw nothing. They returned to the spot, but nothing was there. Once home, Bartlette made a drawing of what he’d seen. Two hours after that encounter, and about a mile away, 15-year-old John Baxter and his girlfriend were walking home when they saw a figure walking toward them on the road. Baxter thought it was a boy he knew so he called out his name but got no answer. The creature ran off the road and up a bank. Following it, Baxter got a good look at the creature. He said it had a large head, thin body, and long limbs and fingers. Baxter stood and watched it for a minute before retreating in fear. He also drew pictures of it. Comparing Bartlette’s and Baxter’s drawings, it is obvious that they had seen the exact same creature. But what on Earth could it have been? Fig. 17. The Gillman of Thetis Lake Fig. 18. One of the Loveland Frogs Fig. 19. Dover Demon by Bill Bartlette
320 A Wizard’s Bestiary The day after these sightings occurred, Bartlette told his friend Will Taintor about what he had seen. That evening at midnight, Taintor was driving his girlfriend, Abby Brabham, home when Brabham saw a creature crouching on the roadside as they drove past. Even though she had not heard of the other encounters, her description matched those of the others. Taintor said he also caught a glimpse of it. There have been no more sightings since, and the mystery of the Dover Demon remains unsolved.22 The Flatwoods Monster By LeopardDancer In the early 1950s, amid a flurry of UFO reports, people in the tiny town of Flatwoods, West Virginia, reported seeing a reddish sphere descending slowly behind a hill. They reported seeing a luminous glow coming from the hill “as if from a landed object.”23 Three young boys went to investigate the mysterious glow and were joined by a mother, her two sons, and two more of their friends. Upon cresting the hill the searchers found what they called a giant ball of fire as big as a house. Nearby, the same searchers came upon a being standing in the shadows under a tree. Some described it as having a head “shaped like an ace of spades”24 with a pair of luminous eyes. Others reported it as having a heart-shaped face. No one saw anything that resembled arms or legs, though the creature’s eyes were at a height of roughly 6 feet. It appeared to be gliding rather than walking, first moving toward the witnesses and then turning to head toward the fireball. It emitted a series of sharp hisses and a thumping noise as it sped away. They also reported smelling a sulfurous odor that was apparently emanating from the creature. The encounter lasted only seconds. When the witnesses returned the next day they found an area of flattened grass, as if a large object had rested there. One week prior to the Flatwoods incident, a mother and daughter in Weston, about 12 miles away, had an encounter with a similar creature as they were driving home from church. The night after the Flatwoods encounter, in an area 20 miles away, a couple’s car stalled mysteriously. They claimed to have been approached by a creature similar to the Flatwoods monster, also emitting the odor of sulfur. Nearly 20 years later, a Quebec woman awoke at night to find a similar creature peering into her window. One theory asserts that the witnesses who claimed they had gotten close to the creature had, in fact, only seen a meteor—despite the fact that they had a residue covering their faces and had developed symptoms of being exposed to mustard gas. Also, when the same witnesses had gone to investigate, anxiety had turned an encounter with a barn owl into something more than what it really was. It is believed that they startled a barn owl, which then flew off. Barn owls have heart-shaped faces and make hissing noises when startled. The strange illness? Hysteria can cause similar reactions in the human body. And finally, there is the Enfield Horror, a Mystery Monster spotted in Enfield, Illinois. Witnesses described it as grey, with three legs, two arms jutting out of its chest, and two pink eyes the size of flashlights. Police investigators found doglike prints with six pads. What can one say about such a sighting? Monster Movies: Monsters of Mystery Reviewed by Seth Tyrssen The Creature from the Black Lagoon, (1954) Revenge of the Creature (1955), and The Creature Walks Among Us (1956) all feature one of the most memorable monsters of the low-budget era. Although there may be no actual basis for a humanoid man-fish, the costume and simple special effects were just plain great. The same cannot be said for The Alligator People (1959). Humans with alligator heads? Weird, but the effect was well-done for a grade-Z flick. The Reptile (1966) features a snake woman, and Octoman (1971) features an octopus-man. In SSSSSS (1973), the many live snakes were far and away the show stealers of this odd little film involving people being turned into snakes. There was The Bat People (1974)—perhaps the inspiration for the “Batboy” hoax. The lowbudget but rather delightful film Humanoids from the Deep (1980) features a man-fish somewhat similar to the Creature from the Black Lagoon. The different look was well-done. 13th Child: Legend of the Jersey Devil (2002) covers some of the material in this chapter. The Mothman Prophesies (2002) is a rather tedious film that gives us a brief look at the mysterious Mothman, said to be an actual being seen by many people. Is he an alien that got left behind, or a fiendish secret genetic experiment? We may never know. El Chupacabra (2003), Chupacabra Terror (TV2005), and Chupacabra AKA Mexican Werewolf (2005) are films this reviewer has not seen. The Snake King (or Snake Man) (2005) featured more snake people. Fig. 20. Flatwoods Monster
Appendix A.Unnatural Histories - A Timeline By Oberon Zell-Ravenheart c 2700 BCE Epic of Gilgamesh c 800 Odyssey by Homer c 700 Theogony by Hesiod c 500 Periegesis by Hecataeus of Melitus c 420 Historia by Herodotus (484–425 BCE) c 400 Indica by Ctesias 333-323 Macedonian Empire of Alexander 343 Historia Animalium by Aristotle (384–322 BCE) c 60 De Rerum Natura by Lucretius (99–55 BCE) 55 BCE-455 CE Roman Empire 51 BCE De Bello Gallico by Julius Caesar (100–44 BCE) c 5 CE Geographia by Strabo (63 BCE–19 CE) c 10 Metamorphoses by Ovid (43 BCE–17 CE) 44 De Chorographia by Pomponious Mela 65 Pharsalia by Lucan (39–65 CE) c 70 Naturalis Historia by Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) c 100 The Annals by Tacitus (55–120 CE) c 150 Description of Greece by Pausanias c 175 A True Story by Lucian (125–190) 2nd-5th c. The Greek Physiologus c 200 De Natura Animalum by Aelian (170–235) c 200 Collection of Remarkable Facts by Gaius Julius Solinus c 230 The Life of Apollonius of Tyana by Philostratus (170–245) c 300 Carmen de Ave Phoenice by Lactantius (260–340) 2nd-10th c. Pseudo-Callisthenes (attributed to Alexander the Great) 4th-11th c. The Latin Physiologus c 400 The Phoenix by Claudian (370–404) 455 Rome Sacked by Vandals, End of Western Empire c 600 Etymologies by Isadore of Seville (560–636) 9th c. The Voyage of St Brendan 9th-11th c. Liber Monstrorum ca. 1000 The Exeter Book (attributed to Cynewulf) 1095-1244 Crusades 11th c. Physiologus by Theobaldus 11th c. Bodley Herbal and Bestiary 12th c. The Book of Life’s Merits by Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179) 12th c. A Latin Prose Bestiary 12th-13th c. Letter on India to Aristotle (attributed to Alexander the Great) 12th c. Itinerary by Benjamin of Tudela (fl. 1159– 1173) 12th c. Moralitates de Avibus c 1125 Le Bestiaire by Philip de Thaun c 1175 The Letter of Prester John c 1185 The Worksop Bestiary 1196-1223 Topographia Hibernica by Giraldus Cambrensis c 1200 Aberdeen Bestiary 1200-50 De Bestiis /Dicta Chrysostomi c 1230 Rochester Bestiary 1230-40 Liber de Naturis Rerum c 1250 Bestiaire of Guillaume le Clerc c 1260 The Rutland Psalter 1275-1300 Westminster Bestiary 1284 The Alphonso Psalter 1298 Travels by Marco Polo (1254–1324) 13th c. Middle English Bestiary 13th c. De Bestiis 13th c. The Journal of Friar Odoric by Odoric of Pordenone (1286–1331) 13th c. The Ashmole Bestiary 13th c. The Northumberland Bestiary 13th c. On the Properties of Things by Bartholomaeus Anglicus 13th c. The Bestiary by Pierre de Beauvais 13th c. The Bestiary of Love and Response by Richard de Fournival (1201–1260) 13th c. Der Naturen Bloeme 13th c. De Animalibus by Albertus Magnus (1200–1280) c 1300 Bestiaire 1304-21 The Peterborough Bestiary 1310-20 The Queen Mary Psalter 1325-35 The Lutterell Psalter 1325-50 Fountains Abbey Bestiary c 1356 The Travels of Sir John Mandeville 1399-1407 The Sherborne Missal 14th c. Travels by Ibn Battuta (1304–1377) 1400-1520 The Renaissance 1420-1620 The Age of Exploration 1481 The Mirrour of the World by William Caxton (1422–1491) 15th c. Bestiarius or Bestiary of Ann Walsh 15th c. The Noble Lyfe & Nature of Man, of Bestes, Serpentys, Fowles & Fisshes y be Moste Knowen by Lawrens Andrewe c 1500 Itinerario by Ludovicio de Varthema (fl. 1503-1508) 1532-64 Gargantua and Pantagruel by François Rabelais (1495-1553) c 1534 The Boke of Duke Huon of Burdeux by Sir John Bourchier (1469–1533) 1551-58 Historiae Animalium by Conrad Gesner (1516–1565) 1578 La Semaine ou Création du Monde by Guillaume de Salluste du Bartas (1544–1590) 1582 On Poysons, of Monsters and Prodigies by Ambroise Paré (1510-1590) 1607 The Historie of Foure-Footed Beastes by Edward Topsell (1572–1625) 1625 Hakluytus Postumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes by Samuel Purchas (1577-1626) 1635 Speculum Mundi by John Swan 1646 Pseudodoxia Epidemica (or Vulgar Errors)
322 A Wizard’s Bestiary by Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682) 1646 Arcana Microcosmi by Alexander Ross (1591–1654) 1661 Six Zoological Disputations by George Caspard Kirchmayer (1635–1700) 1718 1300 Real and Fanciful Animals by Matthäus Merian the Younger (1621–1687) 1730 A Description of Three Hundred Animals by Thomas Boreman (fl. 1736–1744) 1774 A History of the Earth and Animated Nature by Oliver Goldsmith (1730-1774) 1855 The Age of Fable by Thomas Bullfinch (1796–1867) 1861 The Romance of Natural History by Philip Henry Gosse (1810–1888) 1864 Savage Africa by W. Winwood Reade (1838-1875) 1870 Bible Animals by J.G. Wood (1827–1889) 1872 Zoological Mythology by Angelo de Gubernatis (1840–1913) 1875 The Book of Ser Marco Polo by Sir Henry Yule (1820–1889) 1880 Credulities Past and Present by William Jones 1886 Marvelous Wonders of the Whole World by Henry Davenport Northrop (1836–1909) 1886 Mythical Monsters by Charles Gould (1834–1893) 1887 Sea and Land by James William Buel 1886 Un-Natural History, or Myths of Ancient Science by Edmund Goldsmid 1890 Curious Creatures in Zoology by John Ashton 1892 The Great Sea Serpent by Antoon Cornelis Oudemans (1858-1943) 1915 Diversions of a Naturalist by Sir E. Ray Lankester (1847–1929) 1928 Dragons and Dragonlore by Ernst Ingersoll 1941 Exotic Zoology by Willy Ley (1906–1969) 1951 Fabulous Beasts by Peter Lum (Bettina Lum Crowe) (1911–) 1954 The Book of Beasts by T.H. White (1909–1964) 1955 On the Track of Unknown Animals by Bernard Heuvelmans (1916–2001) 1955 Salamanders and Other Wonders by Willy Ley (1906–1969) 1957 The Book of Imaginary Beings by Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986) 1964 The Land of Forgotten Beasts by Barbara Wersba (1932–) 1967 The Glass Harmonica: A Lexicon of the Fantastical by Barbara Ninde Byfield 1969 A Fantastic Beastiary by Ernst & Johanna Lehner 1970 The Complete Guide to Mysterious Beings by John A. Keel (1930–) 1971 A Dictionary of Fabulous Beasts by Richard Barber & Anne Riches 1973 Fabulous Beasts and Demons by Heinz Mode 1973 Phoenix Feathers: A Collection of Mythical Monsters by Barbara Silverberg 1974 Monsters Who’s Who by Dulan Barber 1977 Monster Manual by Gary Gygax 1979 The Magic Zoo: The Natural History of Fabulous Animals by Peter Costello 1979 Dragons by Peter Hogarth & Val Clery 1980 Searching for Hidden Animals by Roy Mackal (1925–) 1981 Alien Animals by Janet and Colin Bord 1981 Mythical Beasts by Deirdre Headon 1981 Fabulous Beasts by Monika Beisner & Alison Lurie 1982 Encyclopedia of Monsters by Daniel Cohen 1982 Dragons and Unicorns: A Natural History by Paul and Karen Johnsgard 1983 Dinosaurs, Spitfires and Sea Serpents by Christopher McGowan 1984 A Guide to the Imaginary Birds of the World by Joseph Nigg 1987 Mythical and Fabulous Beasts: A Source Book and Research Guide by Malcolm South (Ed.) 1990 Hargreaves New Illustrated Bestiary by Joyce Hargreaves 1992 Symbolic and Mythological Animals by J.C. Cooper 1995 Wonder Beasts: Tales and Lore of the Phoenix, the Griffin, the Unicorn and the Dragon by Joseph Nigg 1995 Monster! Monster! A Survey of the North American Monster Scene by Betty S.Garner 1996 The Unexplained: An Illustrated Guide to the World’s Natural and Paranormal Mysteries by Karl P.N. Shuker 1996 Barlow’s Guide to Fantasy by W.D. Barlow 1998 The Book of Sea Monsters by Bob Eggleton & Nigel Suckling 1999 The Book of Fabulous Beasts: A Treasury of Writings from Ancient Times to the Present by Joseph Nigg 1999 Cryptozoology A to Z by Loren Coleman & Jerome Clark 2000 Giants, Monsters, and Dragons by Carol Rose 2001 Monsters: An Investigator’s Guide to Magical Beings, by John Michael Greer 2002 The Book of Dragons & Other Mythical Beasts by Joseph Nigg 2003 The Beasts That Hide from Man: Seeking the World’s Last Undiscovered Animals by Karl P.N. Shuker 2003 Field Guide to Lake Monsters, Sea Serpents, and Other Mystery Denizens of the Deep by Loren Coleman 2005 Fantasy Encyclopedia by Judy Allen 2005 Fabulous Beasts by Malcolm Ashman 2006 The Field Guide to Bigfoot and Other Mystery Primates by Loren Coleman & Patrick Huyghe
Appendices 323 Appendix B. Comic Relief If Other Fabulous Creatures had a Horn Like a Unicorn - by Oberon Zell
324 A Wizard’s Bestiary Appendix C. Here be Monsters By Oberon Zell-Ravenheart Part I. The Classical and Medieval World 1. Atlantic Ocean Aspidochelone Balena Crodh Sidhe Echeneis Fastitocalon Fish Pig Focas Geraher Halata Jasconius Merfolk Murcat Murena Mustela Physeter Porci Marini Rumbus Scolopendra Serra Solaris Zyphoeus 2. England Brag Dea Dunnie Liver Grant Oilliphéist Questing Beast Worm 3. Wales Adar Llwch Gwin Afanc Carrog Cath Pulag Llamhigyn y Dwr White Hart 4. Ireland Aillen Trechenn Aughisky Bledmall Bocanach Brucha Caoránach Cornu Dobhar-Chú Each Tened Easg Saint Fachen Kelpie Nuckalavee Peiste Phooka Merrow Mil Muirbech Muirdris Muiriasc Muirselche Saidthe Suaraighe St Attracta’s Monster Selchie Sughmaire Suileach 5. Scotland Beithir Boobrie Burach Bhadi Cait Sith Ceasg Corc-Chluasask Ferla Mohr Fuath Gigelorum Glas Ghaibhlann Lavellan Sianach Tarbh Uisge Urisk Vough 6. Hebrides Fin People Glashtyn Goayr Heddagh Neugle Roan Sea Trow Shoopiltie Taroo-Ushtey Wulver 7. North Sea Argus Fish Auvekoejak Ben-Varrey & Dinny-Marra Bishop Fish Cîrein Cròin Great Norway Serpent Hakenmann Havfine Havfrue & Havmand Havhest Havstrambe Kraken Monkfish Näcken Neugle Rosmarine Sahab Sea Hog Sea Horse Sea-Satyr Skoffin Skrimsl Stoorworm Swamfisk Tursus 8. Hyborea/ Scandinavia Audumbla Drake Eikthymir Fenrir, the Fenris Wolf Garm Gollinkambi Gulon Hafgygr Hati Havfine Heiddreun Horses of the Sun Hraesvelg Jörmungandr Lindwurm Nidhogg Nixie Orm Ratatosk Sadhuzag Saio-Neita Sjøorm Sleipnir Svadilfari Troll Fisk Vuokho Wyrm Ythgewinnes 9. Germania Achlis Acipenser Aspis Barliate Bialozar Dragons Ercinee Fire-Drakes Grendel Haferbock Hercynian Birds Hercynian Stag Loathly Worm Lorelei Salamandra Tatzelwurm Urus Wudewasa 10. Gallia (France) Arassas Bulchin Chichevache Dracs Gargouille Gargoyle Grylio Guivre La Velue Lou Carcolh Melusina Muscaliet Peluda Tarasque Vouivre Yannig
Appendices 325 11. Hispania Aatxe Bicha El Cuelebre Guita Herren-Surge 12. Italy/ Mediterranean Boas Charybdis Halcyon Ichthyocentaur Marine Lion Murex Orc Papstesel Peryton Rahab Ravenna Monster Scylla Sea Hare Sirens Tritons Viper 13. GrecoRoman/ Aegean Arion Cacus Campe Centaur Centauro-Triton Cerberus Cerynean Hind Cetus Echidna Empusa Epirotes Fauns Gryllus Hippocampus Horses of Diomedes Horses of the Sun Hydra Kallicantzari Keto Minotaur Nemean Lion Orthus Phorcids Python 18. The Holy Land Apocalyptic Beasts Bar Juchne Barometz Behemoth Draconcopedes Jidra Leviathan Mandragora Mermicoleon Milcham Nasnas Re’em Shamir Ziz 19. Egypt Akhekhu Ammut Apis Axex Babai Benu Buchis Cocodryllus Gengen Wer Hydrus Hypnale Ichneumon Ka-en-Ankh Nereru Khepra Maka Mehturt Merwer Mimick Dog Ouroboros Serpopard Sphinx Sta Uraeus Ypotamis 20. Libya Amphisbæna Assida Basilisk Cerastes co*ckatrice Cynoprosopi Draco Gorgon Hyman Topodes Karkadann Lamia Pegasus Safat Scitalis 21. Ethiopia Cameleopard Catoblepas Celphies Cynocephali Dragons of Ethiopia Flying Serpent of Isa Huspalim Karkadann Leucrocota Lubolf Panther Pard Pa Snakes Pegasies Rompo Tarandrus Tragopan Unicorn 22. Arabia Abgal Angka Bahamut Bahri Boraq, Al Caristae Cynamolgus Dendan Diwe Ghul Jaculus Kujata Labuna Murghi-IAdami Onyx Monoceros Orobon Phoenix Simurgh Syren Uma Na-Iru Winged Serpents of Arabia Zägh 23. Mesopotamia Anthalops Anzu Aptaleon Calopus Capricornus Girtablili Gugalana Hea-Bani Hedammu Humbaba Kul Lamassu Shedu Sirin Sirrush Sta Suhur-Mas Tiamet Uridimmus 24. Persia Al Caladrius Chamrosh Conopenii Geush Urvan Glycon Hadhayosh Huma Kar-Fish Karkadann Khara Koresck Lion-Griffon Senmurv Shadhahvar 3-Legged Ass 25. India Æternæ Anguillae Avelerion Bull of Inde/ Cartazonus Centycore Crocotta Dipsa Dragons Giant Ants Karkadann Manticora Monoceros Odontotyrannus Rompo Seps Sevienda Satyrs Sphinx Stymphalids Telchines Teumessian Vixen Typhon 14. Illyria/ Thracia Bitoso Bolla Broxa Drekavac Kulshedra Laskowice Lidérc Lynx Strix Turul Zlatorog Zmei Gorynych 15. Asia Minor Aries Bonnacon Bucentaur Chimera Deer-Centaur Dog-Centaur Dragons Harpies Kargas Kerkes Leontophontes Onachus Onocentaur Stymphalids 16. Sarmacia/ Armenia Aitvaras Ajatar Firebird Gagana Gamayun Garafena Gorgoniy Pisuhand Sarmatian Sea Snail 17. Scythia Busse Gryphon Scythian Ass Simargl Thanacth Yale 26. Indian Ocean/ Taprobana Farasi Bahari Giant Ants Mi’raj Roc Zaratan 27. Heraldry Allocamelus Alphyn Amphisien Apres Ass-Bittern Bagwyn Boreyne Calygreyhound Caretyne Cat-Fish co*ck-Fish Dragon-Tygre Dragon-Wolf Enfield Falcon-Fish Gryphon Guivre Heliodromos Hippocerf Keythong Lybbarde Lympago Lyon-Poisson Martlet Minocane Morhon Musimon Nependis Opincus Pithon Satyre Fish Sea Dog Sea-Dragon Sea-Goat Sea-Lion Sea Stag Sea Wolf Snake Griffin Stellione Theow Tityron Tyger Wyvern Ypotryll
326 A Wizard’s Bestiary 1. Oceania (Pacific) Areop-enap Devil Fish Halulu Island Beast Many-Finned Sea Serpent Moko Mo-O Ngani-vatu Rainbow Serpent Rigi Tumu-Ra’iFuena Veo 2. Canada, Alaska, Greenland Akhlut Amarok A-Mi-Kuk Angont Ashuaps Az-i-wû-ghûmki-mukh-‘ti Bakbakwakanooksiwae Big Fish of Iliamna Fur-Bearing Trout Galokwudzuwis Gillman of Thetis Lake Halfway People Haietlik Hînqûmemen Iak Im Icegedunk Ice Worms Ikalu Nappa Imap Umassoursa Keelut Margygr Marked Hominids Michi-Pichoux Miqqiayuuq No-Kos-Ma Pal-Rai-Yuk Ponik Pugwis Quanekelak Sasquatch Sisiutl Tirisuk Torngarsoak Tsemaus Ugjuknarpak Waheela Wendigo 3. United States Achiyalabopa Ahani Altamaha-ha Amhuluk Anaye Antukai Batsquatch Beasts of Elmendorf Big Bird Bigfoot Black Devil #2 Coonigator Delgeth Devil Monkeys Djieien Dover Demon Enfield Horror Fearsome Critters Fillyloo Flying Heads Freshwater Octopus Gaasyendietha Ganiagwaidegowa Gatorman Giant Salamander Goatman Green-Clawed Beast Haakapainizi Hakulaq Hoop Snake Horned Alligator Horned Serpents Hvcko Capko Iya Jackalope Jersey Devil Leelanau Lenapizka Little Manitou Lizard Men Loveland Frogs Manetuwi-RusiPissi Mashernomak May’s Point Mystery Fish Mill Lake Monster Mi-Ni-Wa-Tu Mishipizhiw Misiganebic Momo Moogie Mothman Oklahoma Octopus Paiyuk Palulukon Piasa River Griffin Shunka Warak’in Skahnowa Skunk Ape Snallygaster Stvwvnaya Teehooltsoodi Teelget Thunderbirds Thunder Horse Tsenahale Uktena Underwater Panther Unktehi Wakandagi Weewilmekq White Panther Wikatcha Wishpooshi Yenrish 4. Mexico & Central America Ahuizhotl Amphitere Balam Black Devil #1 Campacti Chupacabra Hoga el Hombre Oso Itcuintlipotzotli Kinich Ahau Onza Sea Elephant Sisemite Sterpe Tlatecuhtli Wihwin Xan Xolotl Ya-te-veo 5. West Indies/ Caribbean Cigouave Cucuio Lusca Racumon Rainbow Serpent Sea Gryphon 6. South America Alicanto Calchona Camahueto Camoodi Carbuncle Caypore Ccoa Chancha con Cadenas Cherufe Chonchón Colo-Colo El Cuero DeLoys Ape Part II. The Age of Exploration to the Present A Map of the Western Hemisphere circa 1626
Appendices 327 Didi Encantado Giant Sloth of Patagonia Glyryvilu Huallepén Hueke Hueku Iémisch Igpupiara Invunche Iwaneï Lampalugua Lik Madidi Monster Manta Mapinguari Mawadi Minhocão Mono Grande Monster of Lake fa*gua Nahuelito Pihuechenyi Piranu Sabre-Tooths Salvaje Sa-Yin Su Sucuriju Gigante White Chest Xexeu 7. Atlantic Ocean Alloés DragonMermaid Flying Fish Long-Necked Sea Serpent Many-Finned Sea Serpent Many-Humped Sea Serpent Marine Saurian Merhorse 8. North Sea/ Arctic Ocean Kraken Marmaele Näcken/Nakk Sea Bear Super Otter 9. British Isles Alien Big Cats Beast of Brassknocker Hill Black Dogs Ferla Mohr Hellhounds King Otter Loch Monsters Owlman Shag Foal 10. Western Europe Beast of Gévaudan Butatsch-AhIlgs Elbst Freiburg Shrieker Gryttie Hippogriff Juma Kludde Mjosa Mother of the Fishes Seljordsorm Skrimsl Storsjöodjuret Wolpertinger 11. Eastern Europe Barmanu Black Bird of Chernobyl Brosnie Cows of Näkki Dard Frogman Guardian of the Fishes Habergeiss Indrik the Beast Kaptar Kokkol Opk•n Ova Phantom of the Lake Rizos Sarajevo Jumping Snake Vodianoi 12. Africa (subSahara) Agogwe Ambize Badigui Basket Monster Booa Coje ya Menia Crocho Dingonek Dodu Emela-Ntouka Fating’ho Ga-Gorib Guiafairo Haiit Hai-Uri Hirguan Ikaki Ilomba Ingheena Intulo Jengu Kakundakri Karina Kasai Rex Kongamato Lau Lightning Monsters Lukwata Mahamba Makalala Mali Mamba Mutu Mamlambo Mbielu-MbieluMbielu Migas Mngwa Mokêle-M’Bêmbe Mourou N’gou Muhuru Mulilo Nandi Bear Ndzoodzoo Ngoima Ngoubou Nguma-Monene Nyaminyami Nzefu-Loi Olitiau Pamba Rainbow Serpent Rift Valley Monster Sabre-Toothed Cats Sassabonsum Sehit Tikoloshe 13. Madagascar Crinoida Fandrefiala Habéby Mangarsahoc Roc Tokandia Tompondrano Tratratratra 14. India (Hindu / Buddhist) Aja Akapad Akupara Ananta Sesha Apalala Apotharni Asipatra Asootee Barmanu Betikhân Bhains•sura Dadhikra Devil Bird Dhumarna Gandharvas Garuda Hanuman Kama-Dhenu Kimpurushas Part III. The Age of Exploration to the Present A Map of the Eastern Hemisphere circa 1626
328 A Wizard’s Bestiary Kinnaras Kirata Kirtimukha Kurma Lokapala Elephants Mada Mahisha Makara Nagas & Naginis Nee-Gued Nyan Samvarta Sharama Vritra Yali Yeck 15. Indian Ocean/ Ceylon Many-Finned Sea Serpent Nittaewo 16. Tibet/Nepal Buru Chuti Dzu-Teh Kere Meh-Teh Khyung Serou Tsopo Unnati Yeti 17. Siberia & Mongolia Ai Tojon Alkonost Almas Bergman’s Bear Chuchunaa Kheglen Koguhpuks Leongalli Mammoth Mongolian Deathworm Short-Faced Bear Tien-Schu Tuba 18. China & Korea Bixie Bo Cat-Fish Celestial Horse Celestial Stag Chai Tung Chan Chiang Liang Chio-tuan Ch’ou-T’i Dragon (Lung) Dragon Horse Fei Lian Fêng Huang Fo Dogs Gui Xian Haetae Hai Ho Shang Heavenly co*ck Hsigo Hua-Hu-Tiao Hui I-Mu Kuo Yan Ink Monkey Kanasi Lake Monsters Ki-Lin Kw’ên Kyeryong Lwan Man-Dragon of China P’êng P’êng-Niao Pi-His Shachihoko Shang Yung Song-Sseu Ssu Ling T’ao T’ieh Ti-Chiang Too Jou Shen Wuhnan Toads Xian Yao Y•rén Ying-Lung Yu Lung 19. Japan Akuma Amikiri Baku Centipede Dragon Hai Riyo Hibagon Hiyakudori Ho-oo Jinshin-Mushi Jinshin-Uwo Kamaitachi Kami Kappa Kirin Kitsune Kudan Kumiho Moshiriikkwechep Ningyo Nue Nure-Onna O Goncho Pheng Raicho Raiju Samebito Sin-You Takujui Tanuki Tengu Tsuchi-Gumo Tsuckinoko Uwabami Yamamaya Yata Garasu 20. Southeast Asia Batutut Celestial Tigers Con Tram Nu’Ó’ C Con Rit Elephant-Tiger Garuda Gergis Jaculus Kting Voar Leyak Nguoi-Rung Orang Dalam Seah Malang Poo Stinking Ones Sz Vietnamese Night-Flyers 21. East Indies Abaia Adaro Ahool Alan Batutut Bird of Paradise Boroka Buata Camphurcii Cigau Duah Ebu Gogu Father of Turtles Figonas Gainjin Garuda Ilkai Kafre Kapre Kusa Kap Megalania Murray Orang-Bati Orang Pendek Pinatubo Monsters Pish-Meri Rainbow Serpent Ropen Singa Tikbalang Upas Tree 22. Australia Baginis Beast of Bynoe Bay Bulaing Bunyip Cheeroonear Eer-Moonan Euroa Beast Gurangatch Jarapiri Jongari Kadimakara Karora Krantjirinja Kunapipi Kurrea Lightning Serpents Maldape Megalania Muljewang Queensland Tiger Rainbow Serpent Whowhie Yowie 23. New Zealand Horomatangi Hotu-Puku Huru-Kareao Ihu-Mataotao Marakihan Mastertown Monster Moa Moehau Poua-Kai Tanihwa Waitoreke
Appendices 329 In the hope that some reader of this book will have a digital or cell phone camera in hand when a lake monster surfaces in front of you, I thought it would be useful to provide a listing of lakes, lochs, rivers, pools, marshes, bogs, and billabongs throughout the world where such creatures have been sighted. There’s probably one near you, so go check it out! Part IV. Lake Monsters Around the World My main sources for these listings are Alien Animals by Janet & Colin Bord (1981), and Monster! Monster! By Betty Sanders Garner (1995). Another impoortant source of sightings is AmericanMonsters .com. Listings are alphabetical by countries, states/provinces, and names of lakes. Where monsters have been given colorful local names, these are in parentheses. Africa Cameroun: Mamfe Pool; Upper Cross River Central African Republic: Bamingui River; Koukourou River East Africa: Ouémé River; Lake Tanganyika; Swamps at sources of White Nile Malawi: Lake Nyasa South Africa: Grootvlei Reservoir; Howick Falls (“Howie”); Ingruenfisi River; Orange River; Vaaldam Reservoir Tanzania/Uganda/Kenya: Lake Mweru; Lake Victoria Zaïre & Zambia: Dilolo Marshes; Lake Bangwuly; Lake Kariba (“Nyaminyami”); Lake Mweru; Zambezi River Australia Australian Capital Territory: Molonglo River New South Wales: Lake Bathurst; Cowal Lake; Edward River (“Tnata”); Fish River; Lake George; Hawkesbury River; Hunter River (“Yaa-Loo”); Lismore Lagoon; Midgeon Lagoon; Murray River; Murrumbidgee River; Lake Paika; Lake Tala Northern Territory: Gudgerama Creek (“Mannie”) Queensland: Diamantina River (“Kuddimudra”); Nerang River; Tuckerbill swamp near Leeton South Australia: Lake Alexandrina (“Moolgewanke”); Crystal Brook; Gambier Lagoon; Murray River Tasmania: Lake Echo; Great Lake; Jordan River; Lake Tiberias Victoria: Barwon River; Lake Burrumbert; Lake Corongamile; Eumeralla River; Eurora Reservoir; Port Fairy; Port Phillip (“Tunatpan”); Lake Werribee/ Modewarre Canada Alberta: Battle River; Christina Lake; Lake McGregor; Saddle Lake; Saskatchewan River British Columbia: Boiling Lake; Cowichan Lake; Harrison Lake; Kamloops Lake; Lake Kathlyn; Kootenay Lake; Martin’s Lake; Lake Okanagan (“Ogopogo”); Osoyoos Lake; Oyster River (“Klato”); Shuswap Lake (“Shuswaggi”); Skaha Lake; Somenos Lake; Lake Tagai (“Tag”); Vancouver Island (“Tsinquaw”); Williams Lake Manitoba: Dauphin Lake; Lake Manitoba (“Manipogo”); Lake Winnipegosis; Red River New Brunswick: Dungarvon River (“Dungarvon Whooper”); Lake Kilarney; Lake Utopia (“Old Ned”) Newfoundland: Crescent Lake (“Cressie”); dild* Pond; Gander Lake; Grat Gull Lake; Lond Pond; Swangler’s Cove (“Maggot”) Nova Scotia: Lake Ainslie; Bras d’Or Lakes Ontario: Lake of Bays; Berens Lake; Lake Deschenes; Lake Erie; Georgian Bay; Lake Huron; Mazinaw Lake; Lake Miminiska; Muskrat Lake (“Mussie”); Nith River (“Slimy Caspar”); Lake Ontario (“Kingstie”); Ottawa River; Rideau Canal; Lake Simcoe (“Igopogo”); Lake Superior Prince Edward Island: O’Keef’s Lake Quebec: Aylmer Lake; Black Lake; Lake Champlain (“Champ”); Lake Decaire (“Lizzie”); Lac Deschenes; Lac Memphremagog (“Memphre”); Mocking Lake; Lake Pohenegamook (“Ponik”); Lac Saint-Jean (“Ashuaps”); St Lawrence River Saskatchewan: Cold Lake (“Kinsoo”); Rowan’s Ravine; Turtle Lake Yukon: Teslin Lake China Lake Chang Bai Shan Tianchi (“Heavenly Lake Monster”) Denmark Christianshavn moat; Farrisvannet Finland The Lagerflot; The Thorskafjord Ireland Clare: Lough Graney Cork: Lough Attariff Donegal: Lough Keel; Lough Muck Galway: Lough Abisdealy; Lough Auna; Ballynahinch Lake; Lough Claddaghduff; Lough Crolan; Lough Derg (“Caoránach”); Lough Derrylea; Lough Dubh; Lough Fadda; Lough Glendalough; Lough Gowlan; Lough Kylemore; Lough Mask; Lough Nahillion; Lough Nahooin; Lough Neagh; Lough Ree; Lough Shanakeever; Louch Shandangan (“Bruckee”); Lough Waskel Kerry: Lough Brin; Lough Geal; Lough Lackagh; Lough
330 A Wizard’s Bestiary Looscaunagh Mayo: Carrowmore Lake; Glendarry Lough; Achill Island; Lough Nacorra Managhan: Lough Major Waterford: Counfea Lough Wicklow: Lower Lough Bray; Lough Nahanagan Italy Lake Maggiore Japan Honshu: Lake Chuzenji Kyushu: Lake Ikeda (“Issie”) Java Lake Patenggang Kazakhstan Lake Koskol (“Koskolteras Rhombopterix”) Malaya Lake Chini Mexico Lake Catemaco Norway Berso; Jolstravatnet; Krovatnet; Krodern; Lundevatnet; Lake Mjösa (“Mjösa”); Mosvatnet; Odegardskilen; Ormsjoen; Pyvanna; Repstadvanet; Ringsjoen; Rommen; Sandnesvatnet; Seljordsvatnet (“Selma”); Skodje; Lake Snasa; Sogne; Sorsasjoen; Sor Somna; Storevatn; Lake Suldal; Tinnkejodnet; Torfinnsvatnet; Tyrifjorden Papua New Guinea New Britain: Lake Dakataua Philippines Luzon: Tikis River Scotland Borders: Cauldshiels Loch Central: Loch Lomond; Loch Venachar Highlands: Loch Alsh; Loch Arkaig; Loch Assynt; Loch na Beiste; Loch Duich; Loch Eil; Loch Hourn; Loch Linnhe; Loch Lochy (“Lizzie”); Loch Morar (“Morag”), Loch Ness (“Nessie”); Loch Oich; Loch Quoich; Loch Shiel (“Shielagh”); Loch Treig Isle of Eriskay: Loch Duvant Isle of Lewis: Loch Lerubost; Loch Suainaval, Loch Uraval Isle of Skye: Loch Brittle, Loch nan Dubhrachan, Loch Scavaig Strathclyde: Loch Awe Tayside: Loch Rannoch; Loch Tay; River Tay Siberia Lake Khaiyr; Lake Labyynkyr; Lake Vorota South America Argentina: Esquel mountain lake; Lake Lacar; Lago Nahuel Huapi (“Nahuelito”); Santa Cruz lake; River Tamango; White Lake Bolivia: Madidi swamps Brazil: Amazon River Paraguay: Paraguay River Sweden Lake Bullare; Lake Fegen; Lake Gryttjen (“Gryttie”); Lilla Kallsjö; Myllesjön; Stagnössjön; Lake Storsjön (“Storsie”); Lake Tingstäde Switzerland Selisbergsee (“Elbst”) United States of America Alaska: Crosswind Lake; Lake Iliamna; Lake Minchumina; Nonvianuk Lake; Walker Lake Arkansas: Lake Conway; Mud Lake; White River (“Whitey”) California: Lake Elizabeth; Lake Elsinore, Lake Folsom; Lafayette Lake; Lake Tahoe (“Tahoe Tessie”) Connecticut: Lake Pocotopang; Twin Lakes Florida: St Johns River; St Lucie River Idaho: Payette Lake (“Sharlie”); Lake Pendre OreilleSalmon River; Snake River Illinois: Lake DuQuoin Indiana: Big Chapman Lake; Lake Manitou (“Mannie”); Wabash River Kentucky: Herrington Lake; Reynold’s Lake Maine: Sysladobosis Lake Michigan: Lake Huron; Lake Leelanau (“Leelanau”); Lake Michigan; Narrow Lake; Paint River Minnesota: Big Pine Lake (“Oscar”); Great Sandy Lake; Leech Lake; Lake Minnetonka Mississippi: Mississippi River near Natchez Missouri: Lake of the Ozarks Montana: Flathead Lake; Missouri River; Lake Waterton Nebraska: Alkali Lake; Big Alkali Lake Nevada: Pyramid Lake; Walker Lake New Hampshire: Moore Lake New York: Black River; Cayuga Lake (“Old Greeny”); Hudson River; Mazinaw Lake; Lake of the Woods Oklahoma: Lake Eufaula Oregon: Hollow Block Lake, Wallowa Lake Pennsylvania: Lake Brompton; Wolf Pond South Dakota: Lake Campbell Utah: Bear Lake; Great Salt Lake; Utah Lake Vermont: Lake Champlain (“Champ”) Washington: Lake Chelan; Crater Lake; Crescent Lake; Lake Washington Wisconsin: Browns Lake; Delevan Lake; Devil’s Lake; Elkhart Lake; Fowler Lake; Lake Geneva; Lake Kegonsa; Lake Koshkong; Lake La Belle; Madison Four Lakes; Lake Mendota (“Bozho”); Milwaukee River; Lake Monona; Lake Okauchee; Oconomowoc Lake; Lake Pewaukee; Red Cedar Lake; Lake Ripley; Rock Lake; Lake Waubesa; Lake Wingra; Lake Wobegon Wyoming: Lake DeSmet Wales Dyfed: Lyn Eiddwen; Lyn Farch Gwenedd: Lyn yr Afanc; River Conwy; Llyn Cynwch; Llyn-yGadair; Glaslyn Lake; Marchlyn Mawr Powys: Llangorse Lake
Appendices 331 Appendix D.Magickal Correspondences By Ash “LeopardDancer” DeKirk Aatxe: justice, protection against danger. Abaia: lake conservation, waterwork, storms. Achiyalabopa: creation, lifebringing, healing. Acipenser (sturgeon): struggles against adversity. Adar Llwch Gwin: strength, courage, protection, and loyalty. Aeternae: courage, strength. Agathodemon: luck, divination, loyalty. Ahool (also Alan): nighttime, moon, cunning. Ai Tojon: honor, valor, sun, enlightenment. Aja Akapad: lightning, fire, strength. Alicanto: illumination, spiritual guidance, deception. Alkonost: deception, forgetfulness. Alloes: determination, focus, proper behavior. Altamaha-ha: joy, harmony, togetherness, ability to get along with others. Amarok (also Akhlut): cunning, ferocity, walking the planes. Ambize (manatee): gentleness, love, peace, serenity, motherhood. Amhuluk: transformation. Ammut: divine retribution. Amphisabaena: protection of pregnant women, overcoming inner conflicts, duality. Angont: pestilence, calamity, ill fortune. Anguilla (eel) (also Beithir): disguise, deception, strength, cunning. Anthalops: swiftness, vigilance. Areop-enap: cunning, fate, creativity. Argus fish: great wisdom, psychic work, gentleness, great intelligence, patience. Aries: aggression, passion, pioneering spirit, bravery, impulsive behavior. Aspidochelone: nurturing, protection, patience, wisdom. Assida (ostrich): seeking the unknown, earth knowledge. Audumbla: patience, gentleness, motherhood. Babai: divine retribution. Baku: dreamwork, banishing nightmares. Balam: protection, guidance, good harvests. Basilisk (also co*ckatrice): discovering the inner self, uncovering hidden secrets, cunning, blighting. Benu: rebirth, resurrection, divine knowledge. Bigfoot (also Agogwe, Almas, Barmanu, Chuchunaa, Dzu-teh, Ebu-gogu, Ferla Mohr, Hibagon, Hirguan, Ingheena, Kapre, Meh-teh, Moehau, Nee-Gued, NgoiRung, Orang Pendek, Sasquatch, Sisemite, Skunk Ape, Wendigo, Yehteh, Yeti, Yowie): social ties, bonding, staying hidden. Black Dogs (also Baisd Bheulach, Calchona, Keelut, Rizos, Saidthe Suaraighe): bad luck, death omen, divine justice. Bmola: weather-work, particularly for winter weather. Bonnacon: renewal, change, transforming personality. Buata: determination, selfreliance. Buchis: sun, strength, insight into past lives. Bunyip: rain-work, learning to go with flow and make the best of all situations. Busse (reindeer): tradition, old ways. Cait Sith: cunning, curiosity, magick, mystery. Caladrius: healing. Calopus: instincts, circle of life. Camoodi: patience, wisdom, transformation. Carbuncle: healing, focused energy. Centaur (also Apotharni, Bucentaur, Deer Centaur, Ghandharvas, Icthyocentaur, Onocentaur): inspiration, music, arts, healing, divination. Chan: guarding secrets, stubbornness. Chimera (also Bixie, Chiang Liang): ferocity, banishing negative emotions. Chuti: instincts, communication. Con Tram Nu’Ó’ C: travel (especially long distances), abundance, link to Mother Earth. Crodh Sidhe: curiosity, gentleness, social behavior. Cucuio: seeing the truth in the shadows, inspiration, insight. Didi: curiosity, imagination, learning to cope with the darker nature of personality. Dogs of Fo: wards against evil. Dragon, Eastern (also Dragon Kings, Lung, Ying-long): peace, prosperity, luck, wisdom, honor, royalty, rulership. Dragon, Western (also Aspis, Bolla, Drac, Drake, Guita, Lindorm, Odontotyrannus, Orm, Scitalis, Wyvern): strength, passion. Dragon H, Syrenorse: divine messenger, communication. Faun (also Betikhan, Lascowic, Urisk): agriculture, fertility, music, animals, nature.
332 A Wizard’s Bestiary Feathered Serpent (also Amphitere, Hai Ryo, Kinich Ahau, Kulkulkan, Palulukon, P’êng-Niao, Questalcoatl): knowledge, wisdom, art, divination. Gargoyle: protection of home or property, astral companionship, wards against evil. Gryphon (also Axex, Chamrosh, Imdugud, Kargas): spiritual wisdom, duality, enlightenment. Guiafairo: beginning a new life, facing one’s fears. Gulon: warns against gluttony. Haetae: protection, royalty, time, justice. Hippocampus (also Afanc, Aughisky, Farasi Bahari, Glashtyn, Kelpie, Neugle, Seahorse): astral travel, meditation, assessing danger, dealing with turbulent emotions. Hippogriff: travel between the worlds, balance. Horned Serpents (also Uktena): healing. Iak Im: power, banishing, driving away unwanted influences. Kappa: water-working, medicine (particularly bone setting and healing). Kitsune (also Kumiho): trickery, cleverness, illusion, shapeshifting. Kraken (also Imap Umassoursa): hidden danger, intelligence, strength of the depths. Mammoth: wisdom of the ages, perseverance, nobility, strength, memory. Merfolk (also Abgal, Adaro, Ben Varrey, Ceasg, DinnyMarra, Fin People, Gwenhidwy, Hai Ho Shang, Havfine, Igupiara, Ikalu Nappa, Ilkai, Jengu, Kul, Lorelei, Merrow, Pish Meri, Saio-Neita, Sea Trow, Syrenka, Triton): protection, enchantment, healing, attaining desires, magickal knowledge. Murena: disguise, deception, strength, cunning. Naras: poetic inspiration, astral travel, traveling to Otherworld. No-Kos-Ma: love, caution, healing, leadership, patience. Nue: bad luck, ill-fortune, and the banishment of both. Ouroborus: transformation, continuity, cycle of life. Palulukon: knowledge, wisdom, art, divination. Pard: art of blending in, cunning, patience, intuition, grace. Pegasus (also Arion): poetic inspiration, astral travel, traveling to Otherworld, speaking to the deceased. Phoenix (also Feng Huang, Firebird, Ho-oh, Milcham, Sevienda): rebirth, resurrection, spiritual growth. Quetzalcoatl: knowledge, wisdom, art, divination. Rainbow Serpent (also Bulaing): rain, fertility. Roc (also Ababil, Angka, Bar Juchne, Crocho, Hraesvelg, Kreutzet, Ngani-vatu, Pheng, Ziz): protection, power, strength. Rosmarine (walrus): gregariousness, connecting with nature, socialization. Saber-Tooth: deepest, darkest fears, primal energy. Sadhuzag: power, stamina, taking in the “big picture.” Sassabonsum: facing one’s darkest fears, self-evaluation. Satyr (also Kallicantzari): music, dancing, sexuality, lust, passion. Sea-Bear (fur seal): creativity, imagination, learning to listen to the inner self. Sea-Hog (manatee): gregariousness, connecting with nature, socialization. Sea-Lion: creativity, imagination, learning to listen to the inner self. Selkie (also Roane): creativity, learning to listen to the inner self, protection, enchantment, healing. Shang Yung: weather-working, drawing rain, ending drought. Shunka Warak’in: determination, heightening awareness, ferocity. Skoffin: discovering the inner self, uncovering hidden secrets, cunning. Sphinx (also Androsphinx, Criosphinx, Gynosphinx, Heiracosphinx): intuition, inner knowledge, guarded wisdom, knowing when to keep silent. Stymphalian Birds (also Asipatra): death, disease, destruction, pestilence, rainbringing. Tanuki: shapeshifting, prosperity, playfulness, luck. T’ao T’ieh: ward against gluttony. Tengu: martial arts, dancing, weapons. Thunderbird (also Xexeu): storms and rains, protection, power, strength. Turul: agility, grace, success. Unicorn (also Abada, Abath, Carazonus, Chai Tung, Chio-tuan, Ki’Lin, Kirin, Koresck, Sin-you, Sz): prosperity, purity, strength of mind, developing personal power. Winged Serpent (also Jaculus): knowledge, wisdom, protection. Yata Garasu: divine messenger.
Appendices 333 Appendix E. Monsters in Movies For nearly a century, we’ve delighted in the presentation of all manner of fantastic creatures on the movie screen. What? That long? Yes, indeed. Silent film pioneers like Georges Meliere took us to the moon (Le Voyage dans la Lune, 1902), where his protagonists battled ant-like Selenites. The original 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1916) was a silent film (and a rather dull one, but with some special effects far ahead of its time). In 1914, the first “monster-critter” ever to appear on film was a silent cartoon short, Gertie the Dinosaur. Abroad, in 1922, the silents Nosferatu and Häxan (also known as Witchcraft Through the Ages) captured the European imagination with a sinister vampire and a whole host of demonic entities, respectively. And London was probably the first city to be trampled by a dinosaur, in the classic 1925 silent The Lost World. But it remained for later film-makers to re-create the monsters of traditional mythology and legend. The great pioneer of stop-motion animation, Willis O’Brien, stunned the world with The Lost World and King Kong–and it should be remembered that at one time, great apes were considered mythological! Kong included a number of dinosaurs and flying reptiles, all depicted with an accuracy that is surprising, considering the limited state of paleontology at the time! His techniques were carChronological listing by Oberon—275 monster movies! 1916 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (silent) – Giant Squid/Kraken *** 1919 The Ghost of Slumber Mountain (silent) – Dinosaurs * 1925 The Lost World (silent) – Dinosaurs **** 1929 Mysterious Island (silent) – Giant octopus * 1933 King Kong – Giant gorilla, Dinosaurs ***** Son of Kong – Giant gorilla, Dinosaurs **** 1934 The Secret of the Loch – Loch Ness Monster *** 1939 Wizard of Oz – Animate trees, flying monkeys ***** 1940 Fantasia (animated) – Centaurs, Dinosaurs, Fauns, Unicorns, Pegasi ***** Pinocchio (animated) – Fastitocalon **** 1942 Cat People – Cat-people ** 1944 Curse of the Cat People – Cat-people ** 1948 Mr. Peabody and the Mermaid – Mermaid *** Miranda – Mermaid ** Unknown Island – Dinosaurs * 1949 Mighty Joe Young – Giant gorilla **** 1951 Lost Continent – Dinosaurs * 1953 The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms – Dinosaur **** Peter Pan (animated) – Mermaids **** 1954 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea – Giant Squid/ Kraken ***** ried on and perfected by his student and protégé, the legendary Ray Harryhausen, who gave us not only the sword-wielding skeletons of several Sinbad movies, but also the giant Cyclops, the winged Pegasus, the Ymir from Venus (who doubled as the Homunculus in a later Sinbad film), and many, many more. There were other, lesser lights, to be sure; none achieved Harryhausen’s immortality, until (perhaps!) modern-day monster-makeup and special effects creator Rick Baker came on the scene. Why do these things have such a universal fascination? Perhaps the answer lies in ancient mythology itself, the original home of all things fantastic. It is the simple realization that we may not be alone in the universe, that there are– or were–great beasties we could not always control, and those who tried, might not fare all that well. They speak to the vulnerability of humanity, and serve not only as a wonderful flight of fancy, but a reminder that we might be just a part of nature’s pageant, after all. –Seth Tyrssen Professor of Dark Arts Grey School of Wizardry The Creature from the Black Lagoon – Lizardman/Gillman **** Mad About Men – Mermaid* Godzilla – Godzilla * The Snow Creature – Yeti * 1955 Ulysses – Cyclops, Scylla, Charybdis **** Revenge of the Creature – Lizardman/Gillman *** It Came from Beneath the Sea – Giant octopus/ Kraken ** Tarantula – Giant spider * 1956 The Creature Walks Among Us– Lizardman/Gillman** The Beast of Hollow Mountain – Dinosaur * Rodan (1956) – Pterosaur * 1957 The Abominable Snowman of the Himalayas – Yeti **** The Land Unknown – Dinosaurs ** The escaped Brontosaurus causes havoc in the city—a plot device which would be used in innumerable later films. The Lost World, 1925
334 A Wizard’s Bestiary The Monster that Challenged the World – Giant snails ** The Giant Claw a.k.a. Mark of the Claw – Giant buzzard * 1958 The 7th Voyage of Sinbad – Roc, Cyclops, Dragon ***** 1959 Darby O’Gill and the Little People – Phooka, spectral coach horses ***** Sleeping Beauty (animated) – Dragon **** Journey to the Center of the Earth – Dinosaurs **** The Giant Gila Monster – Giant lizard * The Giant Behemoth – Godzilla-like Dinosaur * Attack of the Giant Leeches – Giant leeches * 1960 Dinosaurus! – Dinosaurs *** The Little Shop of Horrors – Predator plant ** The Lost World – Dinosaurs* Goliath and the Dragon – Dragon ** Hercules vs The Hydra – ** 1961 Mysterious Island – Giant crab, giant wasps, Phorusrhacos, Nautiloid *** Alakazam the Great (anime) – The MonkeyKing *** Konga – Giant gorilla * Gorgo – Godzilla-like monster * 1962 The Fabulous Baron Munchausen – Fastitocalon ***** The Magic Sword – Dragon *** Day of the Triffids – Predator plants ** The Mermaids of Tiburon – Mermaids * King Kong vs. Godzilla – Giant Gorilla, Godzilla* 1963 Jason and the Argonauts – Harpies, Hydra ***** Matango, Fungus of Terror (released in America as Attack of the Mushroom People) – Mushroompeople * 1964 The 7 Faces of Dr. Lao – Giant Serpent, Satyr, Loch Ness Monster, Yeti, Medusa ***** 1965 Beach Blanket Bingo – Mermaid *** 1966 One Million Years B.C. – Dinosaurs, Pterosaurs, giant turtle *** The Reptile – Lamia * 1967 King Kong Escapes – Giant Gorilla, Dinosaurs* 1968 The Last Unicorn (animated) – Aatxe, Unicorn, Harpy, Satyr ***** Kong Island – Giant gorilla, Dinosaurs* Earth vs. the Spider – Giant spider * 1969 The Valley of Gwangi – Dinosaurs ** 1970 The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes – Loch Ness Monster **** When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth – Dinosaurs, Pterosaurs *** Space Amoeba a.k.a. Yog, Monster From Space – Giant cuttlefish * 1971 Octaman – Octopus-man * 1972 Gargoyles (TV) – Gargoyles **** 1973 The Cat Creature – Catmonster * SSSSSSS – Snake-people ** 1974 The Golden Voyage of Sinbad – Centaur, Gryphon **** The Land That Time Forgot – Dinosaurs ** The Bat People – Man-bat * The Mutations – Plantpeople * 1975 Giant Spider Invasion – Giant spider * 1976 The Omen – Black Dog **** King Kong – Giant gorilla, giant snake *** Food of the Gods – Giant chicken ** Queen Kong – Giant gorilla * 1977 Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger – Cyclops, Sabertooth **** The Hobbit (animated) – Dragon, giant spiders, Thunderbirds ** Pete’s Dragon (animated/ live) – Dragon ** Mighty Peking Man – Giant gorilla ** Tentacles – Giant octopus * The Crater Lake Monster – Lake Monster * Adele Hasn’t Had Her Dinner Yet – Predator plant * 1978 Lord of the Rings (animated) – Giant octopus *** The Water Babies (animated) – Merfolk ** 1980 Humanoids from the Deep – Man-fish * 1981 Dragonslayer – Dragon ***** Time Bandits – Minotaur ***** Clash of the Titans – Pegasus, Kraken/Cetus, Hydra, Medusa **** Quest for Fire – hom*o erectus, Neanderthals, Mammoths, Sabertooths **** Caveman – Dinosaurs, Pterosaurs *** Loch Ness Horror – Loch Ness Monster * 1982 Conan the Barbarian – Giant Serpent ***** The Dark Crystal – Animate plants ***** Cat-People – Cat-people *** Flight of Dragons (animated) – Dragons *** The Boogens – Titanic turtles * Q—The Winged Serpent – Amphitere * 1984 The Neverending Story – Eastern Dragon/Lung, Sphinx, giant turtle, Waheela ***** Splash! – Mermaid **** 1985 Legend – Unicorns ***** The Goonies – Giant Octopus (deleted scene on DVD) ***** Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend – Mokele M’bembe **** The Giant Behemoth – Godzilla-like Dinosaur * 1986 Little Shop of Horrors – Predator plant ***
Appendices 335 Frog Dreaming – Bunyip *** King Kong Lives – Giant Gorilla * 1987 Harry and the Hendersons – Bigfoot **** Dot and the Smugglers (animated) – Bunyip ** 1988 Willow – Hellhounds, Orm ***** The Adventures of Baron Munchausen – Fastitocalon, Heroic Horse ***** The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (TV) – Faun **** High Spirits – Phooka **** Lair of the White Worm – Dragon/Orm *** Thunder of the Gigantic Serpent a.k.a. Terror Serpent – Giant serpent * 1989 The Little Mermaid (animated) – Mermaid, Seahorse **** Erik the Viking – Sea Serpent *** Godzilla vs Biollante – Godzilla, predator plant ** 1990 The Rescuers Down Under (animated) – Thunderbird ** Akira Kurosawa’s Dreams (anime) – Kitsune **** 1991 Hook – Mermaids ***** Cast a Deadly Spell (TV) – Great Cthulhu **** Ondine – Undine/Mermaid *** 1992 The Lost World – Dinosaurs *** Return to the Lost World Dinosaurs *** Pinocchio (animated) – Fastitocalon ** 1993 Jurassic Park – Dinosaurs ***** Carnosaur – Dinosaurs * Dinosaur Island – Dinosaurs * 1994 The Secret of Roan Inish – Roane/Selkie ***** Jack the Giant Killer – Cyclops, Dragon ** Dragonworld – Dragon **** Tall Tale – Babe the Blue Ox **** Hercules in the Maze of the Minotaur (TV) – Minotaur *** Hercules in the Underworld (TV) – Cerberus *** Pom Poko (anime) Tanuki ** 1995 Gargoyles the Movie: The Heroes Awaken (animated-TV) – Gargoyles **** The Pagemaster (animated) – Dragon *** Carnosaur 2 – Dinosaurs ** 1996 Dragonheart – Dragon ***** Gensomaden Saiyuki (anime-1996) Kappa ***** Aladdin and the King of Thieves (animated) – Zaratan **** Wyrd Sisters (animated-BBC-1996) World Turtle, Death’s Pale Horse (Binky) *** The Beast (TV) – Giant Squid/Kraken *** The Hunchback of Notre Dame (animated) – Gargoyles *** The Adventures of Pinocchio – Fastitocalon *** Loch Ness – Loch Ness Monster ** Carnosaur 3: Primal Species – Dinosaurs ** Canhead – Golem * 1997 Jurassic Park II: The Lost World – Dinosaurs ***** Princess Mononoke (animated) – Giant boar, giant wolf ***** Soul Music (animated-BBC) – World Turtle, Death’s Pale Horse (Binky) **** The Odyssey (TV) – Cyclops, Scylla, Charybdis *** Anaconda – Sucuriju Gigante *** Hercules (animated) – Centaur, Hydra, Pegasus, Satyr *** Anak ng Bulkan (“Child of the Volcano”) – Pterosaur * 1998 Mighty Joe Young – Giant Gorilla ***** Godzilla – Godzilla ***** Mulan (animated) – Dragon ***** Saiyuki: Reload (anime) – Kappa **** Saiyuki: Requiem (anime) – Kappa ***** Quest for Camelot (animated) – Dragons, Gryphon** The Lost World – Dinosaurs * 1999 Sleepy Hollow – Demon Horse ***** Journey to the Center of the Earth (TV) – Dinosaurs **** Saiyuki Reload: Gunlock (anime) – Kappa **** Lake Placid – Giant crocodile *** Dragon World II: The Legend Continues – Dragon ** Beowulf – Grendel ** Komodo (TV) – Megalania ** Pokemon (anime) – Kitsune, Kappa, Tanuki * 2000 Fantasia 2000 (animated) – Phoenix/Firebird ***** Jason and the Argonauts (TV) – Centaur, Harpies, Dragon **** Dragonheart II: A New Beginning – Dragon *** Dungeons & Dragons – Dragons ** Crocodile – Giant crocodile ** Blood Surf a.k.a. Krocodylus – Giant crocodile * Python – Giant serpent ** Spiders (2000) Giant spiders ** Octopus – Giant octopus * 2001 Lord of the Rings: Fellowship of the Ring – Giant octopus/Kraken, Thunderbird ***** Harry Potter & The Sorcerer’s Stone – Cerberus, Dragon, Centaur ***** The Lost World (BBC TV) – Dinosaurs ***** Spirited Away (anime) – Eastern Dragon, Kappa ***** Shrek (animated) – Dragon ***** Jurassic Park III – Dinosaurs **** Brotherhood of the Wolf – Beast of Gévaudan **** Atlantis: The Lost Empire (animated) – Kraken **** Inuyasha (anime) – Kitsune/Tanuki ****
336 A Wizard’s Bestiary She Creature – Mermaid *** The Little Unicorn – Unicorn *** Beneath Loch Ness – Loch Ness Monster ** Raptor – Dinosaurs ** Arachnid – Giant spider * Wendigo – Wendigo * 2002 Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers – Wyverns, Ents, Waheela/Warg, Heroic Horse ***** Harry Potter & the Chamber of Secrets – Basilisk, Phoenix, Giant spiders, Mandrakes, animate tree ***** Dinotopia (TV) – Dinosaurs ***** Reign of Fire – Dragons **** Eight Legged Freaks – Giant spiders **** Hound of the Baskervilles – Cu Sith/Black Dog *** 13th Child: Legend of the Jersey Devil – Jersey Devil ** The Mothman Prophecies – Mothman ** Sabertooth (TV) – Sabertooth ** Boa a.k.a. New Alcatraz – Giant serpent ** Octopus 2: River of Fear – Giant octopus * Python II (TV) – Giant serpent * 2003 Lord of the Rings: Return of the King – Ents, Wyverns, Giant spider, Thunderbirds, Heroic Horse ***** Peter Pan – Mermaids ***** Aquanoids – Mermaids * El Chupacabra – Chupacabra * 2004 Harry Potter & the Prisoner of Azkaban – Hippogriff, animate Tree, Black Dog ***** Shrek II (animated) – Dragon ***** Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow – Phorusrhacos ***** Naruto (anime) – Kitsune/Tanuki **** Dragon Storm (TV) – Dragons *** Gargoyle: Wings of Darkness – Gargoyle *** George and the Dragon (TV) – Dragon *** Earthsea (TV) – Dragon *** Anacondas: The Hunt for the Blood Orchid – Sucuriju Gigante ** Incident at Loch Ness – Loch Ness Monster ** Raptor Island – Dinosaurs * Boa vs. Python (TV) – Giant serpents * 2005 Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – Faun, Centaur, Phoenix, Minotaur, Unicorn, Goatman… ***** Harry Potter & the Goblet of Fire – Dragons, Merfolk ***** King Kong – Giant gorilla, Dinosaurs ***** Dragon’s World: A Fantasy Made Real (TV) – Dragons **** Mirrormask – Sphinx and winged cats **** Hercules (TV) – Hydra, Centaur **** Dungeons & Dragons II: Wrath of the Dragongod – Dragons *** Mee-Shee: The Water Giant – Lake Monster *** Princess Raccoon (anime) – Tanuki *** The Great Youkai War (anime) – Tengu *** Attack of the Sabertooth (TV) – Sabertooth ** The Cave – Subterranean Wyverns ** Pterodactyl (TV) – Pterosaurs ** King of the Lost World – Giant Spiders, maneating vines, Dragons, giant gorilla ** Chupacabra AKA Mexican Werewolf – Chupacabra * Chupacabra Terror (TV) – Chupacabra ** The Snake King (or SnakeMan) (TV) – Snake-people, Sucuriju Gigante ** 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean 2: Dead Man’s Chest – Kraken, Cthulhu ***** Hogfather (BBC-2006) World Turtle, Death’s Pale Horse (Binky) ***** Lady in the Water – Undine/Niad (Narf), La Velue (Scrunt) **** Aquamarine – Mermaid *** Basilisk, the Serpent King (TV) – Basilisk *** Abominable – Yeti *** Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny – Sasquatch *** Kraken: Tentacles of the Deep (TV) – Kraken ** Hellboy: Sword of Storms (anime) – Kappa, Kitsune ** Minotaur – Minotaur ** 2007 Eragon – Dragon ***** Harry Potter & the Order of the Phoenix – Spectral horses (Thestrals), Centaurs ***** Stardust – Unicorn ***** Pan’s Labyrinth – Faun/Satyr, Mandragore **** Shrek the 3rd (animated) – Dragon *** The Water Horse: Legend of the Deep – Lake monster **** Beowulf – Dragon, Grendel **** Lake Placid 2 (TV) – Giant crocodile *** Final Fantasy: Advent’s Children – Cait Sith *** Stan Lee’s Harpies (TV) – Harpies *** Gryphon (TV) – Gryphon ** Reign of the Gargoyles (TV) – Gargoyles ** Ice Spiders (TV) – Giant spiders ** 2008 The Spiderwick Chronicles ***** Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince ***** The Power of the Dark Crystal ***** Jurassic Park IV – Dinosaurs **** Monster Movies--Resources: An excellent movie monstropedia: www.monstrous.com/Joomla/ Godzilla “co-monster” cross-reference chart: www. lavasurfer.com/godzilla/topher-zilla-names.html Pictures of dozens of Japanese creatures: www. giantmonstermovies.com/monster-index.html Delahoyde, Michael, “Dinosaur Films,” The DinoSource, www.wsu.edu/~delahoyd/ dinosource.html (2007)
Appendices 337 Appendix F. Bibligraphy Resources & References for this book 1. Akins, William, The Loch Ness Monster, Signet Books, New American Library, New York, 1977 2. All the World’s Animals: Sea Mammals, Torstar Books; New York-Toronto, 1984 3. Allen, Judy, Fantasy Encyclopedia, Kingfisher; Chertsey, Surrey, England, 2005 4. Allen, Judy & Griffiths, Jeanne, Book of the Dragon, Orbis Books; Maryknoll, NY, 1979 5. Allen, Tony & Phillips, Charles, Land of the Dragon: Chinese Myth, Time-Life Books, 1999 6. Alley, J. Robert, Raincoast Sasquatch, Hanco*ck House; Blaine, WA, 2003 7. American Monsters, http://www.american monsters.com/monsters.html (2007) 8. “Ancient Bedouin Legend,” www.beliefnet.com 9. Anderson, J.K., Unicorns, Bellerophon Books; Santa Barbara, CA, 1981 10. Ashman, Malcolm, Fabulous Beasts, Funimation; Fort Worth, TX, 2005 11. Ashton, John, Curious Creatures in Zoology, John C. Nimmo; London, 1890 12. Baldwin, Neil, Legends of the Plumed Serpent, Public Affairs, 1998 13. Ball, Valentine, “On the Identification of the Pygmies, the Martikhora, the Griffin, and the Dikarion of Ktesias,” The Academy (London), vol. 23, no. 572, April 1883 14. Barber, Dulan, Monsters Who’s Who, Crescent Books; Avenel, NJ, 1974 15. Barber, Richard, & Riches, Anne, A Dictionary of Fabulous Beasts, Macmillan; New York, 1971 16. Barlow, W.D., Barlow’s Guide to Fantasy, HarperPrism; New York, 1996. 17. Bateman, Graham, proj. ed., All the World’s Animals (series), Torostar Books, 1984 18. Bayanov, Dmitri, “Why Cryptozoology?” Cryptozoology, 6:1-7, 1987 19. Beisner, Monika, & Lurie, Alison, Fabulous Beasts, Jonathan Cape; London, 1981 20. Berridge, W.S., Marvels of the Animal World, Thornton Butterworth, London, 1921 21. Bille, Matthew A., Rumors of Existence, Hanco*ck House; Blaine, WA, 1995 22. Boatright, Mody C., Tall Tales from Texas Cow Camps, The Southwest Press; Dallas, TX, 1934 23. Boese, Alex, The Museum of Hoaxes, Dutton, Penguin Group; New York, 2002 24. Bord, Janet & Colin, Alien Animals, Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, PA, 1981 25. ——, Bigfoot Casebook, Paul Elek, London, 1980 26. Boreman, Thomas, A Description of Three Hundred Animals (1786; facsimile), Johnson Reprint, 1968 27. Borges, Jorge Luis, The Book of Imaginary Beings, 1957; 1967 (Penguin Books, London, 1974) 28. Botkin, B.A., A Treasury of American Folklore: Stories, Ballads, and Traditions of the People, Crown Publishers; New York, 1944 29. Bourtsev, Igor, “A Skeleton Still Buried and a Skull Unearthed: The Story of Zana,” Bayanov, Dmitri, In the Footsteps of the Russian Snowman, Crypto-Logos, Moscow, 1996. pp. 46-52 30. Britannica Book of the Year, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc; London, 1982 31. Buel, James William, Sea and Land, Historical Publishing Co; St Louis, MO, 1887 32. Bulfinch, Thomas, Bulfinch’s Mythology, Gramercy Books, 1979 33. “Bunyips,” http://www.nla.gov.au/exhibitions/ bunyips/html-site/index-html.html 34. Burroughs, Edgar Rice, Tarzan the Terrible, A.C. McClurg; Chicago, IL, 1921 35. Burton, Maurice, Animal Legends, Coward-McCann; New born, Hutchinson; London, 1959 36. Byfield, Barbara Ninde, The Glass Harmonica: A Lexicon of the Fantastical, Macmillan; New York, 1967 37. Byrne, Peter, The Search for Bigfoot: Monster, Man, or Myth?, Acropolis Books, New York, 1975 38. “Cabbits,” http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/ cabbits3.html (2007) 39. “Cat Grows Wings,” Ananova, www.ananova.com, May 25, 2007 40. “The Cattle Raid of Regamna—from the Yellow Book of Lecan,” Heroic Romances of Ireland Vol. II, ed. trans. A.H. Leahy, London, 1906 41. Caxton, William, Caxton’s Mirrour of the World, ed. Oliver H. Prior, Early English Text Society, Oxford, England, 1913 42. Champagne, Bruce, “A Preliminary Evaluation of a Study of the Morphology, Behavior, Autoecology, and Habitat of Large, Unidentified Marine Animals, Based on Recorded Field Observations,” Strangeark, http://strangeark.com/crypto/ dracontology.pdf pp. 99-118 (2007) 43. Chan, Chih-Yi & Plato, Good Luck Horse, McGraw Hill; Columbus, OH, 1943 44. Childress, David Hatcher, “Living Pterodactyls,” World Explorer, vol. 1, no. 4, 1994 45. Chorvinsky, Mark, “Globsters!” www.strangemag.com/globhome.html (2007) 46. Christie, Anthony, Chinese Mythology, Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd.; Middlesex, England, 1968 47. Clarke, Arthur C., The Ghost from the Grand Banks, Victor Gollancz Ltd., London 1990 48. Clark, Leonard, The Rivers Ran East: Travelers’
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340 A Wizard’s Bestiary Press; New York, 1982 141. Jones, David, An Instinct for Dragons, Routledge, 2002 142. Jones, Frederick Woods, Man’s Place Among the Mammals, Edward Arnold, 1929 143. Juliano, Dave, “The Jersey Devil,” The Shadowlands, http://theshadowlands.net/ creature.htm (2006) 144. Keel, John A., The Complete Guide to Mysterious Beings, Doubleday; New York, 1970; 1994 145. ——, The Mothman Prophecies, Saturday Review Press; New York, 1975 146. ——, Strange Creatures from Time and Space, Fawcett; Greenwich, CT, 1970 147. Kuhn, Eskin, “Eskin Kuhn’s Excellent Adventure,” About Paranormal Phenomena, http:// paranormal.about.com (2007) 148. Landsburg, Alan, In Search Of…, Nelson Doubleday Inc.; New York, 1978 149. Lankester, Ray, Diversions of a Naturalist, London, 1915 150. Leach, Maria (ed.), Funk & Wagnall’s Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend, Harper & Row, 1972 151. Le Blanc, Vincent, Les Voyages fameux du Sieur Vincent le Blanc, Paris, 1648 152. LeGuin, Ursula K., Catwings, Scholastic, 2003 153. Lehner, Ernst & Johanna, Big Book of Dragons, Monsters, and Other Mythical Creatures, Dover Pictorial Archives, 2004 154. ——, A Fantastic Beastiary, Tudor Publishing, New York, 1969 155. L’Epine, Ernest, Croquemitaine II. 9, trans. Thomas Hood, London, 1867 156. Leroy, P., Le Dahu, perso.orange.fr/.../pages/ dahu.htm (2007) 157. LeVaillant, François, Travels in Africa, GG & J. Robinson, London, 1796 158. Ley, Willy, Exotic Zoology, Viking Press, 1941; 1959 159. ——, Salamanders and Other Wonders. Viking Press, 1955 160. Lilly, Ray, “New Zealand Fishermen Catch Rare Squid,” Associated Press, 2/22/07 161. Long, Gareth, The Encyclopedia of Monsters, Mythical Creatures and Fabulous Beasts, http://webhome.idirect.com/~donlong/ monsters/monsters.htm (2007) 162. Lost World Museum, http:// www.lostworldmuseum.com (2007) 163. Lovecraft, Howard Phillip, The Best of H.P. Lovecraft, Del Rey Books; New York, 1987 164. ——, “The Call of Cthulhu,” The Dunwich Horror and Others, Lancer Books, 1963 165. Lum, Peter, Fabulous Beasts, Thames & Hudson; London, 1952 166. Lycos Excyclopedia: Oceania Index. http:// versaware.animalszone.lycos.com/continents/ oceania.asp (2007) 167. MacDougall, Curtis D., Hoaxes, Dover Publications, Inc., 1958 168. Mackal, Roy, A Living Dinosaur? In Search of Mokele-Mbembe, E.J. Brill Academic Pubs.; Leiden, Netherlands, 1987 169. ——, Searching for Hidden Animals, Doubleday, 1980 170. ——, The Monsters of Loch Ness, Swallow, Chicago, 1976 171. Mackenzie, Donald, Myths of China and Japan, Gramercy Books; New York, 1994 172. Magnus, Olaus, Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus, Antwerp, 1555 173. Maple, Eric, “Mermaids and Mermen,” Encyclopedia of Man, Myth & Magic, Marshall Cavendish Corp.; New York, 1970 174. Matthews, John & Caitlin, The Element Encyclopedia of Magical Creatures, Harper Element, Harper Collins, 2005 175. McAdams, William, “The Bird which Devours Men,” Records of Ancient Races in the Mississippi Valley, C.R. Barnes; Cambridge, UK, 1887 176. McCormick, Cameron, “Octopus Giganteus,” Cameron’s Cryptozoology Page, http:// www.geocities.com/capedrevenger/ giantoctopus.html (2007) 177. ——, “The Sea Serpent Complex,” Cameron’s Cryptozoology Page, http:// www.geocities.com/capedrevenger/ seaserpentcomplex1.html (2007) 178. McCrindle, J.W. ed., Ancient India as Described by Ktesias the Knidian (1882 reprint), Manohar Reprints, Delhi, India 1973 179. McGowan, Christopher, Dinosaurs, Spitfires and Sea Serpents, Harvard University Press, 1983 180. Meehan, Aidan, Celtic Design: The Dragon and the Griffen. Thames and Hudson, 1995 181. The Medieval Bestiary: Animals in the Middle Ages, http://bestiary.ca/index.html (2007) 182. Melillo, Elizabeth, Medieval Bestiary, http:// www.geocities.com/Paris/3963/bestiary.html (2003) 183. Mellon, Frank H., In Witchbound Africa, Seeley, Service & Co.; London, 1923 184. Merian, Matthäus, 1300 Real and Fanciful Animals, ed. by Carol Belanger Grafton, Dover Pictorial Archives, 1998 185. Mitchell, John & Rickard, Robert J.M., Living Wonders: Mysteries & Curiosities of the Animal World, Thames & Hudson, 1982 186. Mode, Heinz, Fabulous Beasts and Demons, Phaidon Press; London, 1973 187. Morgan, Elaine, The Descent of Woman, Stein & Day Publishers; New York, 1972 188. Morgan, John, Life and Adventures of William Buckley, 1852
Appendices 341 189. Morphy, Robert T., “Mermaids & Mermen,” American Monsters.com (2007) 190. “Mysterious Creatures & Cryptozoology,” The Shadowlands, http://theshadowlands.net/ creature.htm (2006) 191. Nigg, Joseph, The Book of Dragons & Other Mythical Beasts, Barrons Educational Series; New York, 2002 192. ——, The Book of Fabulous Beasts: A Treasury of Writings from Ancient Times to the Present, Oxford University Press, 1999 193. ——, Book of Gryphons, Apple-Wood Books; Carlisle, MA, 1982 194. ——, A Guide to the Imaginary Birds of the World, Apple-Wood Books, 1984 195. ——, Wonder Beasts: Tales and Lore of the Phoenix, the Griffin, the Unicorn and the Dragon, Libraries Unlimited, 1995 196. Noble, Marty, & Gottesman, Eric, Dragons and Wizards, Dover Publications, 2003 197. Norman, Scott T., “Mokele-mbembe: The Living Dinosaur,” 1996-2003: www.mokelembembe.com/ 198. Noonuccal, Ooderoo, Stradbroke Dreamtime, Pymble, Angus and Robertson, Australia, 1993 199. O’Meara, John (trans.), The Voyage of St. Brendan: Journey to the Promised Land, Humanities Press, 1976 200. Oppian, “Cynegetica” www.theoi.com (2007) 201. O’Shea, Steve, “Giant Squid and Colossal Squid Fact Sheet,” www.Tonmo.com (2007) 202. O’Shea, Steve, “Unknown Phylum,” TONMO. com: The Octopus News Magazine Online, www.tonmo.com/forums/showthread.php?t =9379&highlight=unknown+phylum (2007) 203. “The Origin of the Bunyip,” www.drizabone. com.au/legends/bunyip.html (2007) 204. Osborn, Chase Salmon, Madagascar: Land of the Man-Eating Tree, Republic Publishing Co.; Beresford SD, 1924 205. Owen, Richard, “Report on British Fossil Reptiles,” Part II. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Plymouth, England, 1842 206. Oudemans, Antoon Cornelis, The Great Sea Serpent, Luzac & Co., London, 1892 207. “The Piasa Bird,” The IBEX Archive, www.eslarp.uiuc.edu/ibex/archive/vignettes/ piasa.htm (2007) 208. Paré, Ambrose, On Monsters and Marvels, (trans. Thomas Johnson, 1634) (Milford House, 1968) 209. Passes, David, Dragons: Truth, Myth and Legend, Western Publishing; Racine, WI, 1993 210. Perkins, S., “Winged Dragon,” Science News, June 23, 2007 211. Philostratus, The Life of Apollonius of Tyana, trans. F.G. Conybeare, Harvard University Press, 1960 212. Piccolo, Anthony, “Women of the Deep: A Light History of the Mermaid,” Sea History 68, Winter 1993-4 213. Pinti, Tipi, “The Tale of the Wind Horse,” The Bishinik of the Choctaw Nation (date not given) 214. Pliny the Elder (Caius Plinius Secundus), Natural history, Book 8, “Holy Cows.” 215. Plutarch, Life of Pericles, vii, written 75 CE. Translated by John Dryden, Internet Classics Archives, http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/ pericles.html, 2006. 216. Poignant, Roslyn, Oceanic Mythology, Paul Hamlyn; London, UK, 1967 217. Poltarnees, Welleran, A Book of Unicorns, Green Tiger Press; San Diego, CA, 1978 218. Pontopiddian, Erik, The Natural History of Norway. London, 1755 219. Pride, Marilyn, Australian Dinosaurs, Angus & Robertson; Sydney, Australia, 1988 220. Pries, Byron, Betancourt, J., & DeCandido, K., The Ultimate Dragon, Dell, 1995 221. Propertius, Sextus, The Poems of Sextus Propertius. trans. A.E. Watts, Centaur Press; Westminster, MD, 1961 222. Rabelais, François, The Five Books of Gargantua and Pantagruel, trans. Jacques Le Clercq, Modern Library, 1936 223. Reeves, William, ed., Life of Saint Columba, Founder of Hy. by Adamnan, Ninth Abbot of that Monastery, Edmonston and Douglas, Edinburgh, 1874 224. “The Riddles of Gestumblindi” from The Saga of Hervor and King Heidrik the Wise, trans. Peter Tunstall (2005) 225. The Rig Vedas, trans. R.T. Griffith, London, 1896 226. Roach, John. “Elusive African Apes: Giant Chimps or New Species?” National Geographic News (2003-04-14) 227. Robbins, Tom, “Superfly: The Toadstool That Conquered the Universe,” High Times, Dec. 12, 1976 228. Rose, Carol, Giants, Monsters, and Dragons, W.W. Norton & Company; New York, 2000 229. Sagan, Carl, The Dragons of Eden, Random House, 1977 230. Sanderson, Ivan, Abominable Snowman: Legend Come to Life, Chilton; Philadelphia, 1961 231. ——, Investigating the Unexplained: A Compendium of Disquieting Mysteries of the Natural World, Prentice-Hall, 1972 232. Santillana, Giorgio De, Hamlet’s Mill, Harvard University Press, 1969 233. Sea Slug Forum, http:// www.seaslugforum.net/ (2007) 234. Shackley, Myra, Still Living? Yeti, Sasquatch and the Neanderthal Enigma, Thames & Hudson, 1983
342 A Wizard’s Bestiary 235. The Shadowlands, www.theshadowlands.net/ creature.htm (2007) 236. Shepard, Odell, The Lore of the Unicorn, 1930 (Harper Colophon edition; New York, 1970) 237. Shuker, Karl P.N., The Beasts That Hide from Man: Seeking the World’s Last Undiscovered Animals, Paraview Press, 2003 238. ——, “Flights of Fantasy?” All About Cats, 4 (March-April 1997) 239. ——, In Search of Prehistoric Survivors, Blanford Press, London, 1994 240. ——, Mystery Cats of the World, Robert Hale; London, 1989 241. ——, The Unexplained: An Illustrated Guide to the World’s Natural and Paranormal Mysteries, Carlton; London, 1996 242. Shuker, Karl P.N., “Wonderful Things are Cats with Wings,” Fate, 49 (April 1996) 243. Silverberg, Barbara, Phoenix Feathers: A Collection of Mythical Monsters, E.P. Dutton & Co.; Boston, 1973 244. Skeptic’s Dictionary, http://www.dcn.davis. ca.us/~btcarrol/skeptic/bunyips.html (2007) 245. Slessarev, Vsevolod, Prester John: The Letter and the Legend, University of Minnesota Press, 1959 246. Smith, Gordon, “The Case of the Reclusive Ri,” Science, Feb. 1985 247. South, Malcolm (Ed.), Mythical and Fabulous Beasts: A Source Book and Research Guide, Greenwood Press; New York, 1987 248. Story of the Trojan War: An Epitome, Classic Writers trans. Anonymous, James Blackwood and Co.; London, 1874 249. StrangeArk.com, www.strangeark.com/ checklist/guide.html (2007) 250. Strasenburgh, Gordon, “The Crested Australopithecus Robustus and the Patterson Film,” 1979, http://www.bigfootencounters.com/ biology/strasenburgh.htm (2007) 251. Strieber, Whitley, & Barry, Jonathan, Cat Magic, Tor Books; New York. Reprint edition, 1987 252. Sucik, Nick, “Hawaii’s Giant Octopuses,” www.strangeark.com/nabr/NABR.pdf (2007) 253. Suhr, Elmer G., The Mask, the Unicorn, and the Messiah: a Study in Solar Eclipse Symbolism, Helios Books; New York, 1970 254. Taylor, Troy, “The Legend of the Piasa Bird,” 1999, Ghosts of the Prairie: Haunted Illinois, http://www.prairieghosts.com/piasa.html (2007) 255. Tennyson, Alfred Lord, The Poetical Works of Alfred Tennyson, Poet Laureate, etc. Complete in one Volume. University of Michigan Library, 2005 256. Thoreau, Henry David, Walden, Ticknor & Fields, Boston, 1854 257. Time-Life Books, Editors of, Mysterious Creatures, Time-Life Books; New York, 1988 258. “To Catch a Dragon: The Burden Expedition to remote and dangerous Komodo Island,” Virtual Exploration Society, http:// www.unmuseum.org/burden.htm (2007) 259. Topsell, Edward, The Historie of FoureFooted Beastes, 1607 (Houghton Library, Harvard University) 260. Tryon, Henry Harrington, Fearsome Critters, Idlewild Press; Cleveland, OH, 1939 261. Unexplained Mysteries, www.UnexplainedMysteries.com (2006) 262. Unexplained Phenomena Calendar, Accord Publishing, Denver, 2003 263. “Unicorns: The Complete Story of Unicorns through the Ages,” http:// www.unicorncollector.com/legends.htm, 2006 264. Van der Toorn, Jaap, Jaap’s Marine Mammal Pages, http://ourworld.compuserve.com/ homepages/jaap/leopseal.htm (2007) 265. Van Patter, Bruce, Mythical American Animals, www.brucevanpatter.com/ mythanimals.html (2007) 266. Vartoman, Lewis, The Navigations and Voyages of Lewes Vertomannus, translated out of Latine into Englyshe by Richard Eden, London, 1576. 267. Wagner, Roy, “The Ri—Unidentified Aquatic Animals of New Ireland, Paupa New Guinea,” Cryptozoology, International Society of Cryptozoology, 1, 1982, 33-39 268. Wagner, Roy; Greenwell, J.; Raymond, Gale; Von Nieda, Kurt, “Further Investigations into the Biological and Cultural Affinities of the Ri,” Cryptozoology, 2, 1983, 113-125 269. Wagner, Stephen, “Did Pterosaurs Survive Extinction?” paranormal.about.com/library/ weekly/aa061702b.htm (2007) 270. Waite, Arthur Edward, The Pictorial Key to the Tarot, University Books, Inc., 1959 271. Wamsley, Jeff & Sergent, Donnie Jr., Mothman: The Facts Behind the Legend, Discovery Press; Los Angeles, CA, 2001 272. Wersba, Barbara, The Land of Forgotten Beasts, Atheneum, Simon & Shuster; New York, 1964 273. White, T.H., The Book of Beasts, J.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1954; Dover Publications, 1984 274. Wilford, John Noble, “Before Birds, a Weird way to Fly,” New York Times, March 11, 1997 275. Williams, Tom, “The Hunt of the Unicorn: a Fabulous Legend Returns to Life.” Amargi, Vol. 1, No. 3; Feb. 1, 1989 (in Green Egg, Vol. 21, No. 84, Feb. 1, 1989). 276. ——, “Tailing the Mermaid: A Merry Chase to the Depths of Myth,” Amargi, May 1988, 1-4 277. Wilkins, Harold T., Secret Cities of Old South America: Atlantis Unveiled, Library Publishers, 1952
Appendices 343 278. Wiltshire White Horses, www.wiltshirewhitehorses.org.uk (2007) 279. “Chinese Winged Cat,” Ananova, www.ananova.com, May 25, 2007 280. Witchell, Nicholas, The Loch Ness Story, Terence Dalton, London, 1974 281. Zell, Morning Glory, The Hunting of the Ri (unfinished; illustrated by Oberon Zell) Beastly Websites The Aberdeen Bestiary www.abdn.ac.uk/bestiary/bestiary.hti A complete online transcription of the most important medieval bestiary, including fullcolor reproductions of its illuminated pages. American Monsters www.americanmonsters.com/monsters.html An amazing resource, with countless entries and excellent organization. Categories are: Formerly Extinct, Hairy Hominids, HybridBeasts, Lake Monsters, Lover’s Lane, Out of this World, Recently-Uncovered, Sea-Serpents, Aquatic Enigmas, Avian Anomalies, Curious carcasses, Beyond Mythology, and Unclassified. aRiKaH.net: Liste de créatures fantastiques www.arikah.net/encyclopedie-francaise/ Liste_de_cr%C3%A9atures_fantastiques A good alphabetical listing of fantastic creatures and mythological beings, with many illustrations found nowhere else. The text is in French. Loren Coleman, The Cryptozoologist www.lorencoleman.com/index.html Clipart etc. an online service of Florida’s Educational Technology Clearinghouse http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/index.htm Cryptomundo.com www.cryptomundo.com A place to enjoy the adventures, treks, theories, and wisdom of some of the most respected leaders in the field of Cryptozoology. Cryptozoology.com www.cryptozoology.com/glossary/glossary.php Really excellent entries on all kinds of cryptids, plus extensive galleries of photos and art. Dave’s Mythical Creatures and Places www.eaudrey.com/myth/alphabetical_index.htm Excellent illustrated listings in the following categories: Biblical Beings, Serpents & Dragons, Part-Human Creatures, Winged Beasts, Land Beasts, Sea Creatures, Mythical Places, Marvels of the East, Egyptian Creatures, and Japanese Mythological Symbolism. Encyclopedia Mythica: Bestiary www.pantheon.org/areas/bestiary/articles.html This is a wonderful and continually-expanding encyclopedia of mythology, folklore, legends, and more. It contains over 6,100 gods and goddesses, supernatural beings, and legendary creatures and monsters from all over the world. Gareth Long’s Encyclopedia of Monsters, Mythical Creatures and Fabulous Beasts (or, the Encyclopedia of Monsters etc.) http://webhome.idirect.com/~donlong/monsters /monsters.htm Detailed entries on just about every fabled beast and being imaginable! With many illustrations. Bestiary: Heraldic Monsters & Medieval Critters www3.kumc.edu/itc/staff/rknight/monsters.htm These are creatures referred to in various bestiaries and/or heraldry texts. List of Species in Folklore and Mythology (from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ List_of_species_in_folklore_and_mythology Contains extensive and detailed listings arranged both alphabetically and by categories. The Medieval Bestiary: Animals in the Middle Ages http://bestiary.ca/index.html This website deals with any and all aspects of the general topic “animals in the Middle Ages,” though there is an emphasis on the manuscript tradition, particularly of European bestiaries. Monstropedia www.monstropedia.org/ Monstropedia is the ultimate online encyclopedia of monsters in myth, magick and legend. Mostly Medieval: Beasts in Myth and Legend www.skell.org/explore/text/beastintroT.html Mythic Creatures: Dragons, Unicorns & Mermaids www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythiccreatures/ A wonderful exhibit organized by the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, and going on tour around the world. Sideshow World http://www.sideshowworld.com/ Fascinating info and interviews with amazing people, including makers of Gaffs and this author (OZ) regarding the Living Unicorns. The Shadowlands http://theshadowlands.net/creature.htm Under “Mysterious Creatures & Cryptozoology” are excellent articles about some of the many unknown, undiscovered, mysterious animals that are out there. StrangeArk.com: BioForteana, Zoological Oddities, Unusual Natural History www.strangeark.com/checklist/guide.html Regional Checklist of Animal “Legends” of Interest to Cryptozoology The Strange the Wacky: Weird Wonders of Fantasy www.harvestfields.ca/etextLinks/bzz/10.htm Amazing collection of images, and many excellent writeups.
344 A Wizard’s Bestiary Appendix G. Chapter Citations 1. The Baleful Basilisk 1. Nigg, The Book of Dragons 2. Wikipedia, “Basilisk” 3. Ley, Exotic Zoology 4. Costello, The Magic Zoo 5. White, The Book of Beasts 6. Monstropedia, “Salamander” 7. Shuker, Beasts That Hide from Man 2. Cosmic Serpents 1. Robbins, “Superfly” 2. Wikipedia, “Gigantophis garstini” 3. Heuvelmans, On the Track of Unknown Animals 4. Coleman & Clark, Cryptozoology A to Z 5. The Shadowlands.com 6. Gordon, “The Search for the $50,000 Snake” 3. Dragons 1. Sagan, The Dragons of Eden 2. Wilford, “Before Birds, a Weird Way to Fly” 3. Frey, Sues, Munk, “Gliding Mechanism in Coelurosauravus,” 4. Perkins, “Winged Dragon” 4. The Universal Unicorn 1. Hathaway, The Unicorn 2. Williams, “The Hunt of the Unicorn” 3. “Unicorns: The Complete Story…” 4. Plutarch, Life of Pericles 5. Ctesias, Indica 6. Shepard, Lore of the Unicorn 7. Pliny the Elder, Natural history 8. LeVaillant, Travels in Africa 9. Berridge, Marvels of the Animal World 10. “Unicorns” Ibid. 11. Le Blanc, Les Voyages fameux du Sieur Vincent le Blanc 12. Vartoman, Navigations and Voyages 13. Comes, Mythologia 14. Franklin, Heraldry 15. Cuvier, “Excursus IV” 16. Heuvelmans, On the Track of Unknown Animals 17. Shepard, Ibid. 18. Dove, “The Physiology of Horn Growth” 19. Dove, “Artificial Production of the Fabulous Unicorn” 20. Britannica Book of the Year 21. Green, De Historia et Veritate Unicornis 5. Wonder Horses 1. Propertius, Poems of Sextus Propertius 2. Howey, The Horse in Magic and Myth 3. L’Epine, Croquemitaine 4. Hausman, The Mythology of Horses 5. “The Cattle Raid of Regamna” 6. “Hippoi Athanatoi” 7. “The Riddles of Gestumblindi” 8. Hausman, Op cit. 9. “Ancient Bedouin Legend” 10. Pinti, “ Tale of the Wind Horse” 11. Estes, “For your soul” 12. De Gubernatis, Zoological Mythology 13. Firdausi, The Shanamah 14. Wiltshire White Horses 15. Oppian, “Cynegetica” 16. Story of the Trojan War 17. Chan, Good Luck Horse 6. Holy Cows & Sacred Bulls 1. “Cattle,” Wikipedia 2. “Bovinae,” Wikipedia 3. Hawkes & Woolley, Prehistory and Beginnings of Civilization 4. Santillana, Hamlet’s Mill 5. Wikipedia, “Mithraism” 7. The Piasa & the Manticore 1. McAdams, “The Bird which Devours Men” 2. “The Piasa Bird,” The IBEX Archive 3. “Piasa,” Wikipedia 4. “The Piasa Bird,” Op cit. 5. McAdams, Op cit. 6. Taylor, Troy, “The Legend of the Piasa Bird” 7. McCrindle, Ancient India by Ktesias the Knidian 8. Philostratus, The Life of Apollonius 9. Caxton, Mirrour of the World 10. Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel 11. Boreman, Three Hundred Animals 12. Costello, The Magic Zoo 13. Ball, “On the Identification of the Pygmies, the Martikhora, the Griffin, and the Dikarion of Ktesias” 14. Topsell, Historie of Foure-Footed Beastes 15. Costello, Op cit. 16. Lehner, Big Book of Dragons 8. The Fiery Phoenix 1. “Phoenix,” Wikipedia 2. South, Mythical and Fabulous Beasts 3. Nigg, The Book of Fabulous Beasts 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. South, Op cit. 7. Costello, The Magic Zoo 8. Christie, Chinese Mythology 9. Rose, Giants, Monsters, and Dragons 10. Ibid. 11. Ibid. 12. “Phoenix,” Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid. 16. Burton, Phoenix Reborn 17. Shuker, Beasts That Hide from Man 18. Ibid. 19. “Phoenix,” Op cit. 9. Gryphons & Hippogriffs 1. Nigg, Book of Fabulous Beasts 2. Aelian, On Animals 3. “Lammergeier,” Wikipedia 4. Shuker, Beasts That Hide from Man 10. Merfolk 1. Costello, The Magic Zoo 2. Ibid. 3. Piccolo, “Women of the Deep” 4. Ibid. 5. Fleming, “Maidens of the sea” 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. Morphy, “Mermaids and Mermen” 10. Botkin, Treasury of American Folklore 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. Hardy, “Was Man More Aquatic in the Past?” 14. Morgan, The Descent of Woman 15. Smith, “The Case of the Reclusive Ri” 16. Wagner; Greenwell; Raymond; Von Nieda, “Further Investigations into the Ri” 17. Wagner, “The Ri—Unidentified Aquatic Animals of New Ireland” 18. Zell, The Hunting of the Ri 19. Williams, “Tailing the Mermaid” 20. Zell, Op cit. 11. The Kraken 1. Lilly, “New Zealand Fishermen Catch Rare Squid” 2. O’Shea, Giant Squid Fact Sheet 3. Lovecraft, “The Call of Cthulhu” 4. Ibid. 5. Ellis, Search for the Giant Squid 6. Gould, Wonderful Life
Appendices 345 12. Hippocampus: Sea Horses & Water Horses 1. “Hippocampus,” Wikipedia 2. Ibid. 13. The Enigmatic Sphinx 1. Nigg, The Book of Fabulous Beasts 2. Lehner, Big Book of Dragons 3. “Sphinx,” Monstropedia 4. Waite, Pictorial Key to the Tarot 5. “Sphinx,” Monstropedia, Op cit. 6. “Sphinx,” Wikipedia 7. “Sphinx,” Monstropedia, Op cit. 8. Hargreaves, New Illustrated Bestiary 9. “Sphinx,” Wikipedia, Op cit. 10. Gould, Mythical Monsters 11. “Sphinx,” Wikipedia, Op cit. 12. Ibid. 15. Plantimals 1. Buel, Sea and Land 2. Bayanov, “Why Cryptozoology?” 3. D’Amato, The Savage Garden 4. “Nepenthes,” Wikipedia 5. Osborn, Madagascar: Land of the Man-Eating Tree 6. Buel, Op cit. 7. Ley, Salamanders and Other Wonders 8. Shuker, Beasts That Hide from Man 9. Buel, Op cit. 10. Wilkins, Secret Cities of Old South America 11. Shuker, Op cit. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Schwartz, Carnivorous Plants 15. Mackal, Searching for Hidden Animals 16. Wilkins, Op cit. 17. Ley, Op cit. 18. Costello, The Magic Zoo 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. Boese, Museum of Hoaxes 22. “Yggdrasil,” Wikipedia 16. Oriental SpiritCreatures 1. Christie, Chinese Mythology 2. Davis, Myths and Legends of Japan 3. Gould, Mythical Monsters 4. Mackenzie, Myths of China and Japan 17. Fearsome Critters 1. Van Patter, Mythical American Animals 2. Cox, Fearsome Creatures of the Lumberwoods 3. Leroy, Le Dahu 4. “Gallery of Tall-Tale Creatures,” Museum of Hoaxes 5. Cox, Op cit. 6. Borges, Book of Imaginary Beings 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. Cox, Op cit. 10. “Fearsome Critters,” Wikipedia 11. Cox, Op cit. 12. Ibid. 13. Borges, Op cit. 14. Cox, Op cit. 15. “Gallery of Tall-Tale Creatures” Op cit. 16. Van Patter, Mythical American Animals 17. Cox, Op cit. 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. “Fearsome Critters” Op cit. 22. Cox, Op cit. 23. Ibid. 24. Ibid. 25. Ibid. 18. Lake Monsters 1. Reeves, Life of Saint Columba 2. Witchell, The Loch Ness Story 3. Time-Life Books, Mysterious Creatures 4. Costello, In Search of Lake Monsters 5. “Mekong Giant Catfish,” Wikipedia 6. Oudemans, The Great Sea Serpent 7. American Monsters 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid. 16. Boese, Museum of Hoaxes 17. Holiday, The Great Orm of Loch Ness 18. Illinois State Geological Survey, “Tullimonstrum gregarium,” 19. Akins, The Loch Ness Monster 20. Costello, Op cit. 21. Gould, The Loch Ness Monster 22. Costello, Op cit. 23. Dinsdale, Story of the Loch Ness Monster 24. Bord, Alien Animals 25. Dinsdale, Op cit. 26. Ibid. 27. Bord, Op cit. 28. Holiday, F.W., The Dragon an the Disk, Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1973 29. “Sea Slugs,” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org (2007) 30. Sea Slug Forum, www. seaslugforum.net/ (2007) 31. Ibid. 32. Dinsdale, Op cit. 33. “Fabled Monster Caught on Video” 19. Sea Serpents 1. Champagne, “Large, Unidentified Marine Animals” 2. “Sea Serpent,” Wikipedia 3. McCormick, “The Sea Serpent Complex” 4. Oudemans, The Great Sea Serpent 5. Heuvelmans, In the Wake of the Sea Serpents 6. American Monsters 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. Cryptozoology.com 10. American Monsters, Op. cit. 11. McCormick, Op cit. 12. American Monsters, Op. cit. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. Ibid. 16. Buel, Sea and Land 17. Egede, A Description of Greenland 18. “Frilled Shark,” Wikipedia 19. Van der Toorn, Jaap’s Marine Mammal Pages 20. Bord, Alien Animals 21. “Japanese Researchers Capture Giant Squid” 22. O’Shea, “Unknown Phylum” 20. Titanic Turtles & Legendary Lizards 1. O’Meara, The Voyage of St. Brendan 2. Ibid. 3. “Turtle,” Wikipedia 4. Ibid. 5. “To Catch a Dragon” 21. Occult Octopuses 1. American Monsters 2. Clarke, The Ghost from the Grand Banks 3. McCormick, “Octopus Giganteus” 4. Shuker, In Search of Prehistoric Survivors 5. Buel, Sea and Land 6. Sucik, “Hawaii’s Giant Octopuses” 7. Chorvinsky, “Globsters!” 8. American Monsters, Op cit. 9. Chorvinsky, Op cit. 10. Ibid. 11. American Monsters, Op cit. 22. The Bunyip of the Billabong 1. “Bunyip,” Wikipedia 2. Heuvelmans, On the
346 A Wizard’s Bestiary Track of Unknown Animals 3. Gareth Long’s Encyclopedia of Monsters 4. Morgan, Life of William Buckley 5. Ibid. 6. Heuvelmans, Op cit. 7. Ibid. 8. Ellis, A History of Greta 9. Noonuccal, Stradbroke Dreamtime 10. Heuvelmans, Op cit. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. All the World’s Animals: Sea Mammals 14. Ellis, Op cit. 15. Heuvelmans, Op cit. 16. Wikipedia Op cit. 17. Eaton, “The Bunyip: Modern-day Monster” 18. “Bunyips” 19. Ibid. 20. Wikipedia, Op cit. 21. “Origin of the Bunyip” 23. Thunderbirds 1. Jones, An Instinct for Dragons 2. South, Mythical and Fabulous Beasts 3. “Thunderbirds,” Wikipedia 4. South, Op cit. 5. Bord, Alien Animals 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Rose, Giants, Monsters, and Dragons 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Ibid. 15. “Avian Anomalies,” American Monsters 16. Hall, Thunderbirds! 17. Mitchell, Living Wonders 18. Nigg, Imaginary Birds of the World 24. Leather Wings 1. Doyle, The Lost World 2. Keel, Complete Guide to Mysterious Beings 3. Sanderson, Investigating the Unexplained 4. Hall, “The Mystery Of The Thunderbird” 5. Ibid. 6. Michell & Rickard, Living Wonders 7. Corliss, Strange Life 8. Michell & Rickard, Op cit. p. 50 9. Childress, “Living Pterodactyls” 10. Michell & Rickard, Op cit. 11. Childress, “Living Pterodactyls” 12. Kuhn, “Eskin Kuhn’s Excellent Adventure” 13. Sanderson, Op cit. 14. The Shadowlands 15. Wagner, “Did Pterosaurs Survive Extinction?” 16. Childress, “Living Pterodactyls” 17. Coleman, “King Kong’s playmate: Kongamato” 18. Wagner, “Did Pterosaurs Survive Extinction?” 25. Prehistoric Survivals 1. Doyle, The Lost World 2. Owen, “Report on British Fossil Reptiles” 3. Burroughs, Tarzan the Terrible 4. MacKal, A Living Dinosaur 5. Heuvelmans, On the Track of Unknown Animals 6. American Monsters 7. Heuvelmans, Op cit. 8. MacKal, Op cit. 9. Heuvelmans, Op cit. 10. Clark, The Rivers Ran East 11. Mitchell & Rickard, Living Wonders, p. 105 12. Delahoyde, “Dinosaur Films” 13. Norman, “Mokelembembe: the Living Dinosaur” 26. Hairy Hominids & Mystery Monkeys 1. Buel, Sea and Land 2. Coleman & Clark, Cryptozoology A to Z 3. Coleman & Huyghe, Field Guide to Bigfoot 4. Paranormal About 5. Bourtsev, “The Story of Zana” 6. Time-Life Books, Mysterious Creatures 7. Buel, Op cit. 8. “Bigfoot,” Wikipedia 9. Roach, “Elusive African Apes” 10. “Bili Ape,” Wikipedia 11. American Monsters 12. Ibid. 13. “Gigantopithecus,” Wikipedia 14. Strasenburgh, “The Crested Australopithecus Robustus” 15. Coleman, & Clark, Op cit. 16. Heuvelmans, On the Track of Unknown Animals 17. Shackley, Still Living? 18. “Hobbits,” Wikipedia 19. Time-Life Books, Op cit. 20. Byrne, The Search for Big Foot 21. Sanderson, Abominable Snowman 27. Demonic Dogs 1. Bord, Alien Animals 2. Keel, Complete Guide to Mysterious Beings 3. Keel, Strange Creatures from Time and Space 4. Shuker, Beasts That Hide from Man 28. Phantom Felines 1. Shuker, Mystery Cats of the World 2. Ibid. 3. Coleman & Clark, Cryptozoology A to Z 4. Hocking, “Large Peruvian Mammals Unknown to Zoology” 5. Shuker, Op cit. 6. Ibid. 7. Coleman & Clark, Op cit. 8. Shuker, Op cit. 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid. 11. Ibid. 12. Ibid. 13. Coleman & Clark, Op cit. 14. Heuvelmans, On the Track of Unknown Animals 15. Melillo, Medieval Bestiary 29. Curious Cats 1. Thoreau, Walden 2. Shuker, “Wonderful Things are Cats with Wings” 3. Hartwell, “Winged Cats” 4. Shuker, “Flights of Fantasy?” 5. “Chinese Winged Cat,” Ananova 6. Shuker, “Wonderful Things” Op cit. 7. Dance, Animal Fakes and Frauds 8. “Cabbits” 9. LeGuin, Catwings 30. Mystery Monsters 1. Juliano, “The Jersey Devil” 2. Ibid. 3. Bord, Alien Animals 4. Juliano, Op cit. 5. Coleman, Mysterious America 6. Unexplained Mysteries 7. Keel, Strange Creatures from Time and Space 8. “Has a Mythical Beast Turned Up in Texas?” 9. Coleman, Op. cit. 10. Bord, Op. cit. 11. American Monsters 12. Bord, Op. cit. 13. Coleman, Mothman & Other Curious Encounters 14. Bord, Op. cit. 15. Coleman, Mysterious America, Op. cit. 16. American Monsters, Op. cit. 17. Ibid. 18. Ibid. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. Landsburg, In Search Of 22. Unexplained Mysteries, Op. cit. 23. Coleman, Mothman, Op. cit. 24. Ibid.
Appendices 347 Appendix h. aRT cREDITS There are at least 1,500 graphics in this book, as we’ve tried to illustrate every creature possible! Most of these are traditional representations taken from historical sources, for which the Dover Clipart series of books have been incredibly useful. Another valuable resource for images of actual animals, extant and extinct, has been Clipart etc., an online service of Florida’s Educational Technology Clearinghouse. For many of these creatures, I was unable to find traditional or historic representations, and so we recruited a number of artist friends to draw pictures of them based upon the descriptions, utilizing their When I couldn’t find traditional representations, and our commissioned artists had done all they could, I ransacked the Internet using Google Images. This valuable resource really helped fill in the blanks, but unfortunately, many of the graphics so obtained were unattributed. I apologize for the lack of attribution in such cases, and I would like to invite anyone who can provide such to please contact me so this omission may be rectified in future editions: [emailprotected]. If any of these illustrations are by living artists, I hope you are pleased by their inclusion. But if you Jeff Acree: Hellhound Joe Butt: Batsquatch Cthulhu Kelpie Loveland Frog Minotaur Mothman Nuckalavee Ash DeKirk: Aatxer Adar Llwch Gwin Ai Tojon Amarok Balam Betikhan Big Ears (Cat) Bixi Buata Carbuncle Chupacabra Derketo Dragon-wolf Eonbarr Estas, the FireBringer Feng Huang Hippocerf King Otter Kitsune own artistic imaginations. Many of these appear throughout the Glossary, where there was unfortunately no space for credits. Foremost among these artists is the amazing Ian Daniels, who not only did the gorgeous cover art, but also about 40 of the Glossary spot illos, most of the chapter headers, and all the full-page section illos. Co-author LeopardDancer did 23 spot illos of critters for the Glossary, and I did about 70 graphics—including critters, maps, diagrams, and all the capital alphabet letters. Here is a list of the contributing artists other than myself, and their illustrations drawn especially for this book: wish to decline permission for their use, let me know and I will create replacements for them in the future. And finally, I wish to extend appreciation to the late Bernard Heuvelmans (1916-2001), the “Father of Cryptozoology,” for his encouragement of this book concept when we joined his International Society of Cryptozoology in the mid-‘80s and launched the great Mermaid Expedition. I am pleased to have been able to include several of his now-classic illustrations from On the Track of Unknown Animals (1955) and In the Wake of the Sea-Serpent (1958). --Oberon Zell Water Panther Weewilmekq Winged Panther Sandy “Xander” Carruthers: Ami-kuk Biasd Bheulach Chuchunna Ian Daniels: Alphyn Arassas Bagini Batsquatch Bigfoot Buata Centaur Centycore Cerberus co*ckatrice Croc-Monster/ Campacti Cthulhu Deer-Centaur Dragon Dragon-Mermaid Each Tened Ent Faun Fei Lian Firebird Freiburg Shrieker Giant Bird Girtablili Guiafairo Heliodromos Hippogriff Kelpie Lake Monster Lizard-Man Mermaid Mokele-Mbembe Mystery Octopus Pegasus Peryton Phantom Cat Plesiosaur Pterosaur Sabre-Tooth Sacred Bull Salamander Seahorse Sleipnir Sphinx Tatzelwurm Unicorn Yeti Ying Lung Dana Keyes: Big Ears Bocanach Brag Brucha Cabyll-Uisge Carrog Coinn Lotair Cornu Dinnymarra Djieien Each Tened Fin People Gengen Werae Gollinkambiae Gwenhidwyae Muchalindaae Natasha Kirby: Marakihan Safat Meredith Lambert: Agathodamon Tam Songdog: Safat Samebito Shojo Silen Snake Griffin St Attracta’s Monster Song-Sseu Surma Tahujui Tangie Ti-Chiang Unnati Vietnamese Night Flyer Tracy Swangler: Alklha Ass-Bittern Audumbla Basket Monster Beithir Bessie Campacti Concopeni Eer-Moonan Fachen Fairy Dragon Griffin-Vulture Hippogriff Kundav Koschei the Deathless Muscaliet Odontotyrannus On Niont Opken Ouroboros Quanekelak River-Griffin Snake-Griffin Uma Na-Iru Yeck Adam Swangler: Kirata Pi-His Ugjuknarpak Uridimmus
348 A Wizard’s Bestiary Appendix I. Index Aatxer, 14, 165 Ababil, 14, 267 Abada, 14 Abaia, 14 A Bao A Qu, 14 Abasambo, 307 Abaster, 152 Abath, 15 Abatos, 152 Abgal, 15, 181 Abjer, 157 Achilis, 15 Achiyalabopa, 15 Acipenser, 15 Actaeon, 155 Adar Llwch Gwin, 15 Adaro, 15 Aditi, 162 Aeternae, 15 A’eton, 152 Afanc, 15, 199 African Gaboon Viper, 97 African Golden Cat, 307 African Manatee, 17 African Rock Python, 121 Agathodemon, 15 Agogwe, 15 Ahani, 15 Ahi, 115 Ahool, 15, 276–277 Ahuizhotl, 16 Aido Hwedo, 117 Aillen Trechenn, 16 Aithon, 158 Ai Tojon, 16, 269 Aitvaras, 16, 122 Aja Akapad, 16 Ajatar, 16 Akhekhu, 16 Akhlut, 16 Akuma, 16, 220 Akupara, 16, 253 Al, 16 Alan, 17, 276 Alicanto, 17 Alklha, 122 Alkonost, 17 Alligator Snapping Turtle, 254 Allocamelus, 17 Alloés, 17 Almas, 17, 290 Alphyn, 17 Alsvider, 155–156 Altmaha-ha, 17 Amatok, 17 Amazonian Giant Centipede, 29 Amazon Manatee, 49, 51, 183 Amazon River Dolphin, 49, 51 Ambize, 17 Amhuluk, 17 Amikiri, 17, 220 A-Mi-Kuk, 18 Ammut, 18 Amphisbaena, 12, 18 Amphisien, 14, 18 Amphitere, 18, 122 Ananta Sesha, 119 Anaye, 18 Ancient One, The, 130 Andean Condor, 94, 103, 268 Andes, 30 Andromeda, 11 Androsphinx, 202 Anemoi, 147 Angel Horses, 149–150 Angel Shark, 66, 96, 182 Angka, 18, 269 Anglerfish, 28 Angont, 18 Animikii, 267 Aniwye, 18 Anthalops, 18 Antukai, 19 Anustup, 155 Anzu, 19, 269 Apalala, 19 Apep, 115 Apis, 19, 164 Apkallu. 181 Apocalyptic Beasts, 19 Apotharni, 19 Apres, 19, 156 Apsu, 15, 114 Aptaleon, 19 Aquatic Apes, 184–185 Arabian Oryx, 75 Arcadian Stag, 11 Archelon, 254 Architeuthis, 191 Areop-enap, 19 Argopelter, 223 Argus Fish, 19 Aries, 20 Arimaspians, 11 Arion, 19, 147, 159 Arkaig Monster, 232 Arva, 156 Arvakur, 155 Ashuaps, 232 Asia, 6, 20 Asiatic Ibex, 15 Asipatra, 20 Asootee, 20, 115 Aspidochelone, 20, 252 Aspis, 20, 110 Ass-Bittern, 20 Atlas Bear, 72 Audumbla, 20, 162 Augerino, 223 Aughisky, 20, 199 Auroch, 81, 99, 161 Australopithecus, 297 Austras Koks, 214 Auvekoejak, 20 Avelerion, 20 Axex, 20, 176 Axhandle Hound, 223 Aye-Aye, 317 Azhi Dahaki, 127 Az-I-Wû-Gûm-KiMukh-‘Ti, 21, 130 Babai, 21 Babe, 165 Badigui, 21 Baginis, 21 Bagwyn, 21 Bahamut, 21, 116 Bahri, 21 Baikal Lake Monster, 21 Baikal Seal, 263–0264 Bai-Ma, 151 Bakbakwakanooksiwae, 21 Baku, 21, 221 Balam, 21, Balaur, 123 Baleen Whales, 21 Balena, 21 Balios, 159 Banat al Rih, 156 Bandicoot, 56 Barbary Macaque, 294 Barghest, 299–300 Bar Juchne, 21, 269–270 Barking Owl, 264 Barliate, 21, 212 Barmanu, 22, 290 Barnacle Goose, 212–213 Barn Swallow, 14, 267 Barometz, 22, 213 Barong, 127 Basilisk, 8, 11–12, 22, 107–109 and Alexander the Great, 107 enemies of, 107 in film, 113 origins of, 108–109 Basilosaurus, 230 Basket Monster, 22 Basking Shark, 84, 97 Batanga, 307 Batsquatch, 22, 274, 318 Batutut, 22, 292 Bayard, 153 Beaded Lizard, 112 Bear Dog, 100 Beast of Bodmin, 304 Beast of Brassknocker Hill, 22 Beast of Bynoe, 232 Beast of Elmendorf Beast of Exmoor, 304 Beast of Funen, 305 Beast of Gévaudan, 22, 303 Beast of Lough Ree, 229 Behemoth, 22, 280 Beigorri, 14 Beither, 23 Beligen, 147 Beluga Sturgeon, 228
Appendices 349 Bengal Tiger, 98 Benik, 155 Benu, 23, 174 Ben-Varrey, 23, 184 Bergman’s Bear, 23 Bessie, 23 Betikhan, 23, 208 Bhainsâsura, 23 Bialozar, 23 Biasd Bheulach, 23 Biasd na Srognig, 199 Bicha, 23 Bida, 132 Big Bird, 23 Big Brown Bat, 277 Big Ears, 305 Big Fish of Iliamna, 23 Bigfoot, 8, 23, 286– 287, 294, 297 Bili Ape, 293 Billdad, 223 Binaye Ahani, 15, 18 Bird of Paradise, 23 Bishop Fish, 24 Bismark Flying Fox, 36, 82, 275 Bitoso, 24 Bittern, 20 Bixie, 24, 216 Black Bird of Chernobyl, 24 Black Devil #1, 24 Black Devil #2, 24 Black Devil, 152 Black Dogs, 24, 37 Black Hodag, 225 Bledmall, 24 Blobs, 259–260 Bmola, 268 Bo, 24, 216 Boas, 25 Bobi-Bobi, 116 Bocanach, 25 Bolla, 25, 123 Bonnacon, 25 Bonobo, 293 Booa, 25 Boobrie, 25 Booger, 295 Boraq, 25, 150 Boreyne, 25 Bornean Orangutan, 76 Boroka, 25 Bosco, 253–254 Brag, 25, 150 Brazilian Devil Tree, 211 Brazilian Monkey-Trap Tree, 211 Brhati, 155 Bronte, 155 Brosnie, 26, 229 Brown Bittern, 264 Brown Hyena, 88, 303 Broxa, 26 Brucha, 26 Bruckee, 232 Buata, 26 Bucentaur, 26 Bucephalus, 152, 158 Buchis, 26 Buckland Shag, 199 Bujanga, 132 Bulaing, 26, 116 Bulchine, 26, 31 Bull of Inde, 26 Bung Bring, 307 Bunyip, 26, 261–265 Aboriginal tales of, 262 in film, 265 history of, 262 in popular culture, 265 possible explanations for 262–265 Burach Bhadim 26 Buru, 26 Bush-Stone Curlews, 264 Busse, 26 Butatsch-Ah-Ilgs, 27 Cabbit, 312 Cabe Hodag, 225 Cabyll-Uisge, 199 Cactus Cat, 223 Cacus, 27 Cait Sith, 27, 305 Caladrius, 27 Calchona, 27 California Condor, 94, 268 Calopus, 27 Calygreyhound, 27 Camahueto, 27 Cameleopard, 27 Camoodi, 27, 120 Campacti, 27, 130 Campe, 28 Camphurcii, 28, 138 Canvey Island Creatures, 28 Caoranach, 232 Cape Sundew, 104, 210 Capricornus, 28 Carbuncle, 28 Caretyne, 28 Caribbean Manatee, 49 Caristae, 28 Carrog, 28 Carthaginian Serpent, 123 Catfish, 230 Cat-Fish, 28 Cath Pulag, 28, 305 Catobleblas, 11, 28, 110 Cattle, Sacred, 161–165 in film, 165 Ccoa, 28, 306 Ceasg, 28 Ceffyll-Dwr, 199, 237 Celestial Horse, 28, 147, 217 Celestial Stag, 29, 217 Celestial Tiger, 29, 308 Celphies, 29 Centaur, 12, 14, 19, 29, 206–207 in film, 208 Centauro-Triton, 29 Centipede, 29 Centycore, 29 Cerastes, 29 Cerberus, 11, 29, 302 Cerynean Hind, 30 Cetus, 11, 30 Chac, 130 Chai Tung, 30 Champ, 200, 232 Chamrosh, 30 Chan, 30, 217 Chancha con Cadenas, 30 Chariot Horses of Helios, 155 Chariot Horses of Nyx, 157 Charybdis, 11, 30 Cheeroonear, 30 Cheetah, 77 Cherufe, 30 Cheval Bayard, 200 Chiang Liang, 30, 217 Chiao, 127 Chichevache, 26, 30–31 Chi Lung Wang, 127 Chimaera, 4, 11, 24, 31 Chio-tuan, 31 Choctaw Wind-Horse, 156 Chonchón, 31 Ch’ou-T’i, 31, 217 Chuchunaa, 31, 290 Chudo-Yudo, 124 Chupacabra, 31, 314–317 Chuti, 31 Cigau, 31, 308 Cigouave, 31, 168 Cinnamon Bird, 11 Cîrein Cróin, 31, 123, 241 Clifden Water-Horse, 31 co*ckatrice, 8, 18, 27, 32, 40, 109 co*ck-Fish, 32 Cocodryllus, 32 Coinn Iotair, 302 Coje ya Menia, 32 Colo-Colo, 32 Colossal Squid, 191–192 Colossochelys, 254 Common Chimpanzee, 12, 46, 207, 293 Common Krait, 35, 87, 92 Common Seal, 86, 250 Conger Eel, 229 Conopenii, 32 Con Rit, 32 Con Tram Nu’Ó’C, 32 Coonigator, 32 Copperhead, 113 Coral Snake, 113 Corc-Chluasask, 32 Cornu, 32 Cotton Shrub, 22, 213 Count Raggi’s Bord of Paradise, 175 Cow-Nosed Ray, 40 Cows of Näkki, 32 Coyote, 6 Creature from the Black Lagoon, 14, 32, 318 Cressie, 229 Cretaceous Sea-Turtle, 38 Criosphinx, 202 Crocho, 33, 270 Crocotta, 33 Crodh Sidhe, 33 Crowned Eagle, 73, 270 Crowned Hawk-Eagle, 270 Crusades, 11 Ctesias the Cnidian, 11 Cthulhu, 14, 33, 192–193
